PHSC 2301

prokaryote

unicellular organism, no nucleus (1-5 micrometers)

eukarote

organism with nucleus (10-100 micrometers)

negative feedback

mechanism of homeostasis that goes in opposite direction

positive feedback

mechanism of homeostasis that goes in same direction

cells are made of what 6 atoms:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Calcium (CHONPC)

body fluid compartments

plasma, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid

plasma

5%, separated by capillary membrane

interstitual fluid

40%

intracellular fluid

55%, separated by cellular membrane (different concentrations than other two)

intrinsic homeostasis

local inherent compensatory responses

extrinsic homeostasis

regulated by nervous and endocrine systems, triggered by external factors

4 types of cells/tissue

muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

muscle tissue

striated and smooth

nervous tissue

neurons and supporting cells

epithelial tissue

epithelial membranes and glands

connective tissue

large extracellular spaces with extracellular material

organs

structures composed of 4 primary types of tissue

1 micrometer equals how many nanometers?

1000 nm

size of atom

0.1 nm

size of water molecule

0.1 nm

size of ionic channel

0.2 nm

size of ligand/drug

1 nm

size of receptor

4 nm

size of cell membrane

7 nm

size of antibody

10 nm

size of ribosome

20 nm

size of very large viruses

150-200 nm

size of small bacteria

150-250 nm

wavelength of visible light

350-750 nm

size of bacteria

1000 nm

diameter of human hair

100000

size of integral protein

9 nm

size of proteins

4-9 nm

grand epithelial coverage

organism is enclosed by epithelium (digestive tube, respiratory system, and genito-urinary system)

circulatory system

transports nutrients, O2, CO2, metabolites, hormones, wastes

respiratory system

obtains O2 and eliminates CO2, regulates pH, and PGI2 production

digestive system

obtains nutrients, water, electrolytes. transfers into blood, removes waste

urinary system

regulates volume, pH, and electrolyte composition, excretes toxic substances

skeletal system

provides body movement, supports and protects body, stores Ca2+

muscular system

provides body movement, supports and protects body, generates heat

immune system

prevents foreign invasion and proliferation, provides tissue repair

integumentary system

protective barrier, blood flow adjustment, temperature regulation

lymphatic system

integral part of circulatory and immune system

nervous system

regulates movement, responses, memory, creativity, and consciousness

endocrine system

regulates body functions, controls relatively slow responses

reproductive system

not essential for homeostasis but essential for perpetuation of the species

3 domains of life

bacteria, archae, eukarya

pO2 amniotic fluid

3.5 mmHg

pO2 tissue

40 mmHg

pO2 lungs

100 mmHg

pO2 air

160 mmHg

pO2 with giant flying insects about 250 million year ago

220 mmHg

fluid mosaic theory

phospholipid bilayer (40%) with cholesterol, membrane proteins (52%)- peripheral and integral, membrane carbohydrates (8%)- glycoproteins, glycolipids

elements of the phospholipid bilayer

polar head (water soluble, hydrophilic) and tail (lipid soluble, hydrophobic)

other parts that make phospholipid bilayer

inositol (sugar), choline (vitamin b), serine (amino acid), ethanolamine (serine metabolite)

poikilothermic

cold blooded

homeothermic

warm blooded

what makes the bilayer MORE fluid (more sol)

less carbons, less saturation, higher temperature

what makes the bilayer LESS fluid (less sol)

more carbons, more saturation, lower temperature

phospholipid movement within membranes

flexion, rotation, lateral, flip/flop

lipid rafts

highly saturated phospholipids, tightly packed with cholesterol (8-9 nm)

lipid raft functions

cholesterol transport, endocytosis, signal transduction

Protein movement in the membrane

rotate, lateral, "dive" down (for down regulation and up regulation)

protein lateral movement is dependent on

temperature (decreased temp = decreased velocity)

proteins as large complex function

proton pumping, electron transport, energy transformation, signal transduction

Membrane carbohydrates functions

orientate proteins, cell-cell interaction, act as receptors, cell recognition

extracellular matrix

tissue: collagen, elastin, fibronectin

specialized cell junctions

epithelial cells: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

1 ATM

760 mmHg

Pressure of artery

120/80 mmHg

pressure in the interstitial space

-4,-6 mmHg

SA:V ratio in cells

a high SA:V ratio allows for cells to

1) allow more nutrients and other particles/molecules to enter through the higher SA of the membrane

and

2) allow things inside the cell to move faster and more efficiently due to the low volume

surface area in cell impacts

transport

volume in cell impacts

metabolism

2 traditional biological classifications

eukaryotes and prokaryotes

new biological classification

bacteria, archae, eurkariotes

cell structure of eukaryote

cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cytoskeleton

Fluid Mosaic Theory creater and date

Singer and Nicolson, 1972

what did mitochondria evolve from?

aerobic bacteria

what did chloroplasts evolve from?

photosynthetic bacteria

what did nucleus come from?

virus

angle of water at 4 degrees

104.5

how big are covalent bonds?

0.10 nm

how big are hyrodgen bonds?

0.27 nm

how big are angles of water at 0 degrees?

109.5

density at 4 degrees

1 g/cm3

density at 0 degrees

0.92 g/cm3

covalent bond energy

50-70-100 kcal/mol

ionic bond energy

30 kcal/mol

hydorgen bond energy

1-4 kcal/mol

van der waals

less than 1 kcal/mol

1 Osm in mOsm

1000

blood/body fluid in mOsm

300 mOsm

what is osmolarity

osmotically active particles

osmolarity of saline

300 mOsm

how does water flow from concentration?

low to high

osmotic pressure formula

p = C*RT