Chapter 29 & Chapter 28 - biol 211

What are fungi composed of?

long, thing filaments called hyphae

What type of metabolism do fungi have?

heterotrophic

What are the cell walls of fungi made of?

chitin

What are the two types of hyphae?

septate and coenocytic

What type of hyphae has cross walls between cells?

septate

Fungi get their carbon from

organic molecules

Fungi get their energy from

breaking down organic molecules

Fungi reproduction

asexual and sexual

Chytridomycota characteristics

mainly aquatic, single-celled or filamentous, produce flagellated spores

Why is Chytridiomycosis important?

contributes to world-wide decline in amphibian populations

Glomeromycota life cycle

most produce large spores, sexual reproduction has not been documented

Glomeromycota absorptive life style

form mutualistic associations with plant roots in the form of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

zygomycota hyphae type

coenocytic

Zygomycota absorptive life style

many are saprophytes and live on plant debris; some parasitize other fungi, insects or spiders

Zygomycota life cycle

asexual sporangia produce spores; sexual involves fusion of hyphae and formation of zygosporangium and sexual sporangia

What fungi is commonly seen as mold on food?

Zygomycota

Basidiomycota absorptive life style

decompose wood by producing lignin peroxidase; some produce ectomycorrhizal associations with tree roots; smut and rust fungi are plant parasites

Basidiomycota life cycle

produce haploid spores in club shaped basidia; basidia of mushrooming forming species lie gills found under the cap

Which fungi produces 4 haploid(N) spores per zygote(2N)?

Basidiomycota

Ascomycota absorptive life style

many form ectomycorrhizal associations with tree roots; some form mutualistic associations with photosynthetic algae or bacteria in lichens; some are predatory on protists or nematodes

Ascomycota life cycle

produce haploid spores in sac-like asci; asci of many species found on fleshy, cup-shaped structures; asexual reproduction in many

Ascomycota hyphae type

septate hyphae

Which fungi produces 8 haploid(N) spores per zygote (2N)?

Ascomycota

Chytridiomycota hyphae type

coenocytic

Most of the biomass of fungi is

dispersed as hyphae within structure they are feeding on

Sexual structure of zygomycota

zygosporangia

asexual structure of zygomycota

sporangia

Conidia

asexual spores from ascomycota

What group of fungi are most yeasts?

ascomycota

How do fungi compete with bacteria for resources?

produce chemicals(antibiotics) to kill competing bacteria

What benefits do plants get from a mycorrhizae partnership?

nutrients and water

What benefits do fungi get from a mycorrhizae partnership?

carbon

What benefits do photobionts get from a lichen partnership?

protection and water

What benefits do fungi get from a lichen partnership?

carbon and nitrogen

Example(s) of diseases/pathogens caused by Basidiomycota

corn smut

Example(s) of diseases/pathogens caused by Ascomycota

ergot, dutch elm disease, white nose syndrome, house molds

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and

plant roots

Lichens are composed of a symbiosis of fungi and

cyanobacteria or green algae

Plasmogamy

fusion of two cells to produce heterokaryotic condition

Karyogamy

fusion of nuclei to create diploid nuclei

Plant cell walls are made of

cellulose

Where do plants get their energy?

sun

Where do plants get their carbon?

atmosphere

What type of metabolism do plants have?

photoautotrophs

What do plants get from the soil?

water and nutrients

How do plant cells connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells?

through channels called plasmodesmata

Advantages of terrestrial environment?

more exposure to sunlight, atmosphere with abundant CO2, rich mineral soil, few herbivores and pathogens (initially)

Challenges of terrestrial environment

desiccation, UV radiation, providing support for body of organism, aerial parts not in direct contact with water and mineral nutrients, reproducing in dry environments

desiccation

loss of water to the air

What does the cuticle in plants do?

prevents water loss

What does the stoma do in plants?

allows leaf uptake of CO2 and prevents water loss

What does lignin in vascular tissue do?

provides support

How do plants get water and mineral from soil to the top of the plant?

vascular tissue

What is the plant's solution to sexually reproducing in a dry environment?

alternation of generations

Advantages of alternation of generations

two mobile stages/two opportunties for dispersal

Cell division process that produces plant gametes

mitosis

cell division process that produces plant spores

meiosis

Evolutionary trends of land plants: gametophytes get ____

smaller

Evolutionary trends of land plants, Sporophytes get____

larger

Nonvascular seedless plant group

bryophytes

vascular seedless plants

ferns

Vascular, naked-seed plants

gymnosperms

Vascular, covered seed plants

angiosperms

Byrophytes Dominant Generation

gametophyte generation

Bryophyte independent generation

gametophyte

Antheridia produces

sperm

Archegonia produces

eggs

Nonvascular plants include

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Seedless Vascular plant dominant generation

sporophyte

Seedless vascular plants independent generation

both gametophyte and sporophyte

Plant spores

single celled haploid structures that develop into gametophyte

Plant Seeds

multicellular structures that develop into mature sporophyte

Heterosporous

2 types of spores

Homosporous

one type of spore (hermaphroditic gametophyte)

Megaspore

female spore

Microspore

male gametophyte

Seedless vascular plants include

ferns, Lycophyta(club mosses)

In the evolutionary trend of land plants, _____ are more dependent on the ______

gametophytes; sporophyte

Seedless vascular plants prevent self-fertilization with

asynchronous maturity

Characteristics of seed plants

continued reduction in size of gametophytes, heterospory, pollen, ovules, produce seed

microspores in seed plants grow to become

pollen

What happens to the second sperm in gymnosperms?

dies

What happens to the second sperm in angiosperms?

fertilizes polar bodies

What forms the seed after fertilization in seed plants?

ovules

Ovules in seed plants

female structures before fertilization

The seeds are formed from the ____ after fertilization.

ovule

Advantages of seeds over spores

better resist harsh environments, better dispersal mechanisms, can wait for favorable conditions

Examples of gymnospores

conifers, ginkos, cycads, gnetophytes

Pollination

when pollen lands on a structure that contains ovules

Fertilization

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell

Angiosperm characteristics

flowers, fruits, double fertilization

Endosperm

tissue that is formed from the second sperm and polar bodies in angiosperms

Ovules in angiosperms form

seeds

Mature ovaries in angiosperms form

fruit

Function of fruit

seed dispersal

Animal dispersal of seeds

consumption and adherence to fur

Physical dispersal of seeds

wind, water, explosive power

Perfect flowers contain

both stamens and carpels

Imperfect flowers contain

either stamens or carpels

Monoecious plants

male and female flowers on the same plant