History Finals Review

Bonus Army

15k WWI Veterans marched on Washington to get promised military bonus, which Congress denies. Douglas' MacArthur burned army out.

Fireside Chats

Explaining the purpose of bank holiday and what FDR planned next. A way of connecting with people, swayed people to be on his side.

Hoover's Response & Approach

Felt economies goes through phases and would bounce back eventually
Called depression a test on american ruggedness
Didn't believe in direct relief or that the president had power to help situation
In 1932, Congress created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to lend $2 billion to banks and industry as indirect relief.

Hoovervilles

Most homeless would move there. A place where people who can't afford homes or apartments go and build huts to live in. It is displayed as a place of violence and no happiness.

Huey Long & his plan

Proposed "Share-Our-Wealth" program: government would take all incomes over 1 million and use money to guarantee a $5,000 home and $2,000 income to every American

Okies

Farmers from the midwest who migrated to California for work.

Roosevelt's Appeal

-Elected in 1952
-First republican president in 20 years
-Nation's desire for normalcy

Roosevelt's 3R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Relief/Recovery: created jobs for local/national projects
Reform: preventing future economic crisis (ex. FDIC, SEC)

Social Security (August 1935)

(Significant law of the New Deal) Provided insurance for unemployed workers and a retirement pension.

Benito Mussolini - Fascism

Italian fascist dictator
A powerful speaker who blamed communists and hated democracy

Adolph Hitler - Nazism & Mein Kampf

WWI veteran led the Nazi Party in 1930's.

Adolph Hitter's Book (My Struggle) written in jail/imprisonment. Played on anti-communism and anti-semitism. Begins his cult from that book.

Japan's aggression during 1930s

Trying to take control of the of Pacific, they attacked America because they were cutting of their oil supply.
- To get natural resources
- Strengthen Japan

Appeasement - Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement.
Avoided fighting by giving Hitler Sudetenland.
Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict in other terms "giving in"

Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)

Type of fast-moving warfare. Nazi Germany released its Lighting war on Germany. So Britain and France declared war on Germany.

Hiroshima

August 6, 1945

Enola Gay dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima killing instantly over 80K+ people.

Island Hopping Strategy in the Pacific

Island hopping: Attack specific enemy held island and skipping others.
-Japanese don't know where to defend and therefore have to defend all of the islands
Attacked on home islands
-Okinawa
-Iwo Jima

Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor 12/7/41

December 7, 1941
Japans response from economic sanctions. Leading the US to enter the war on December 8, 1941

Jesse Owens

African American (U.S.) who won 4 gold medals at Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race). Put Hitler to shame

Joe Louis

One of the greatest boxers in history holding the Heavyweight title for 11 years

first African American to be a hero to all of America with his defeat of Max Schmeling in 1938 (U.S. v. Hitler) fought for America and discrimination.

Kamikaze

Japan Pilots who would fly one-way missions to death.

Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass)

Nov 9, 1938 Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany, Austria because a young Jew shot and wounded a German soldier.

Lend-Lease Act

March of 1941
Allowing the president to sell, lend, or lease war materials to any nation. Whose defense was thought vital to America's Security.

Nuremberg Trails

Trials of the Nazi leaders, showed that people are responsible for their actions, even in wartime. Sentenced to prison or death.

Soft Underbelly

Unable to directly aid the Soviet Union, they decided to liberate North Africa and expose the Axis "soft underbelly" (Italy).

D-Day (Operation Overlord)

June 6, 1944
The day that began liberation of Europe. Largest amphiblous attack in military history.

1950s Consumerism

The rise of the "white-collar" jobs will allow families to live comfortably in the suburbs and surround themselves with numerous consumer goods.

1952 Election/Including Mood of Americans

Economically prosperous times in America. Millions join the middle class, enjoy higher education, and lavish in an abundance of consumer goods. The urge to return to normalcy since Eisenhower had been elected.

1960 Election

Richard Nixon vs. John F. Kennedy
Nixon: used radio, old, ill, unpopular
Kennedy: used TV, young, candidate of the new generation

21 Game Show

A very popular game show where Americans' were captivated when Charles Van Doren began to win. Later to find put he was fed answers to keep ratings high.

38th Parallel

Boundary line between North/South Korea
Soviet Union occupied the North
United States occupied the South.

Alliance for Progress

U.S. foreign aid to Latin Americans nations to develop their economies and counteract the appeal of communism.

Automated Assembly Lines

Higher educated people will leave factory jobs and enter "white-collar jobs" so factory jobs decrease as assembly lines become more automated.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

The failed invasion of Cuba on April 17, 1961, tried to overthrow Fidel Castro. In the end 1.4k invaders were killed or captured.

Beatniks

Also known as "Beat Generation"
A new generation of artists will emerge, they will criticize the conformity and complacency of the 50's

Chiang Kai-shek

(Cash My Check)
Nationalist Chinese leader
In 1949 Mao Zedong forces Chiang to Taiwan

Cold War

Not a direct confrontation, it is a battle of diplomacy, propaganda, and nerves.

Containment

Stop communist from spreading without force.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

President Kennedy received spy plane photos Soviet missiles installed in Cuba. A blockade was put on Cuba and naval ships (MAXIMUM LEVEL of protection)

US Stragety

Kennedy blockade ships to Cuba

Eisenhower's Election Appeal

The first Republican President in 20 years. Elected in 1952

Federal Highway Defense Act

Federal government will spend $25 billion to build over 40K miles of highway.

Flexible Response

Policy of building up both nuclear and non nuclear forces to meet foreign crisis.

GI Bill of Rights

Creates solid middle class with lots of benefit

"Iron Curtain" - Winston Churchill

Invisible barrier between east & west Europe created by differing governing ideologies.

Joesph Stalin & Broken Promises

Stalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe, never happened.

Korean War Objective

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. It became a forgotten war in America, mainly a defense act rather than fighting back.

Lee Harvey Oswald

Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas on November 22, 1963. Later was killed by Jack Ruby

Marshall Plan

Program of massive economic aid to Europe. To help those resisting communism.

McCarthyism

Believed communist were everywhere as spies.
Senator in charge: Joseph McCarthy

Modern Republicanism

Government's willingness to accept some responsibility for the welfare of the people.

Nations Desire to Return to Normalcy and forget the Depression and WWII

Eisenhower's presidency reflects the Nations Desire to Return to Normalcy and forget the hardships of the War/Depression.

Peace Corps

Government group which sent American Volunteers to developing nations.

Rock n Roll's Impact & Fear for Parents

Exposed middle class white kids to black music and culture.

Rock n Roll Major Artists

Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Lloyd Price, and Elvis Presley

Sputnik

Signified the awakening for Americans believing we weren't as intelligent as we used to be, as Soviets beat us to space

Teenagers Influence & Impact both Culturally and Financially

-Variety of goods bought (radios, record players, clothes, cosmetics, cameras, and foods)
-$64 million on beauty products, $75 million for records
-Music and styles change

Televised Debates

In the first debate, American election shows Kennedy looking poised and confident while Nixon is tired and ill-at-ease

Truman Doctrine

Supports people in resisting communism

U2 Spy Incident

Soviets shot down U2 spy planes, causing US prestige to slip

Women Hiring Policies in 1950s

Women are denied access to sales/service jobs and confined to hiring policies that include appearance and age

Brown vs. Board of Ed

-NAACP challenged segregation
-Supreme Court ended segregation in schools
-Follow-up case took place to enforce ruling

Black Panthers

-Formed for self defense
-Founders: Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
-Evolved into militant organization

Birmingham

-Organized marches in Birmingham
-MLK was arrested
-Nation was appalled at the treatment of protestors

Children's Crusade

Organized by SCLC, children participated in march

Claudette Colvin

Preceded Rosa Parks by 9 months, but not publicized due to her image of being pregnant and unmarried

CORE - Congress on Racial Equality

-Formed by students in Chicago
-Committed to pacifism
-Studied teachings of Thoreau and Gandhi

Emmett Till Murder Case

-Made US aware of brutal legacy of slavery and racism
-Emmett was murdered for supposedly flirting with a white lady

Freedom Rides

-Organized by the CORE
-They'd purposefully use the wrong facilities
-Was met with violence down in the South
-Nation took notice when a white student was beat

I Have a Dream Speech

August 28, 1963
Spoken by MLKjr.
Influenced the Federal government to take more direct actions to more fully realize racial equality.

Little Rock 9

-By federal order the high school was said to desegregate
-9 black students were prevented from entering the building
-Eisenhower ordered Faubus for students to enter

March on Washington

MLK and other activists supporting the Civil Bill of Rights

Martin Luther King Jr.

-Christian
-Civil and Human Rights
-Believed in desegregation and racial harmony
-Gunned April 4, 1969

Montgomery Bus Boycott (381 Days)

-Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white man
-Word of her arrest spread
-Nixon ordered a single day boycott

Gandhian Non-Violent Civil-Disobedience

SNCC enlisted the help of both black and white students who committed themselves to this

Greensboro Sit-ins

-4 black students enters a diner at Woolworth
-By placing orders, they broke the law
-All were arrested

Presidential Civil Rights Accomplishments (Truman)

Issued Executive Order 8802, AKA Fair Employment Act which desegregates military and government

Presidential Civil Rights Accomplishments (Eisenhower)

-Reinforced Brown vs. Board of Ed
-Oversteps Faubus

Presidential Civil Rights Accomplishments (Kennedy)

Civil Rights Bill '63

Presidential Civil Rights Accomplishments (Johnson)

-Established National Council on Indian opportunity to ensure that programs reflected the needs and desire of Indian People
-Civil Rights Bill -\> Civil Rights Act of 1984

Rosa Parks

-Refused to give up her seat to a white man
-Word of her arrest spread, hence the boycott

SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference

-Formed by MLK
-Working for full equality
-Teachings of Gandhi and Christianity
-Helped organize boycotts and marches

SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

-Formed by college students
-Their strategy was civil disobedience through non-violent protests

Alaska Pipeline

OPEC cut oil exports, so Nixon allows 800 miles of oil pipelines from Alaska

Camp David Accords

-A peace agreement between Egypt and Israel with the help of Jimmy Carter
-Israel agreed to withdraw from Egyptian land and recognize Israel's right to exist

Charges Against Nixon

-Abuse of power
-Obstruction of justice
-Failure to comply to federal subpoenas

Diem

-Prime minister of South Vietnam
-Monks were burning themselves due to his brutality

Domino Theory

Action in Southeast Asia justified this by the spread of communism

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency

Created by Nixon administration in response to the Green Movement

Jimmy Carter - Peanut Farmer to President

Businessman, officer in Navy, and governer in Georgia

Ford's Pardon of Nixon

-Prevented further investigations
-His popularity plummeted from 71-\>50
-Most controversial use of a pardon

General Westmoreland

Commander of US Military Advisory Mission in Vietnam

Guerilla Warfare

Traps, hit and run, ambushes, and landmines

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Prompts LBJ to commit to all action in Vietnam

Haight Ashbury

-Popular destination for young people
-Located in San Francisco
-Personal history didn't matter
-Focal point of movement

Ho Chi Minh

-Revolutionary leader of Vietnam
-President of North Vietnam until 1969
-Left Vietnam to study in France and works as communist agent

Karl Bernstein and Bob Woodard

2 Washington Post reports who published info that implicated top Nixon Advisors in government abuse

Nixon Visiting Communist Nations

-First president to visit China
-Exploited China and Soviet Union tensions to decrease China support for Vietnam
-Strives for better relationship with Soviet Union

Plumbers

Nixon's assigned aides to stop info from being leaked from the White House