Exam 3

Lining of the pharynx and the esophagus (which is particularly vulnerable to abrasion associated with swallowing).

Mucosa

Accessory organ of digestion

pancreas

Layer between circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa

myenteric plexus

Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the

submucosal plexus

The \________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

mesenteries

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the
a. anal canal
b. oropharynx
c. esophagus
d. oral cavity
e. stomach

e

What contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?

greater omentum

Support the viscera

mesenteries

What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?

lesser omentum

During which phase in the control of the digestive system would bicarbonate and bile be stimulated?

intestinal phase

Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by which fibers?

sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Enteric interneurons that are inhibitory to smooth muscle use which neurotransmitter?

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

What intestinal hormone stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder?

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Which GI hormone promotes a pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions?

secretin

The functions of the oral cavity include...

Digestion of carbs, lubrication, sensory analysis, mechanical processing

Functions of the tongue...

sensory analysis, manipulation and mechanical processing of food, and speech

The crown of the tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the

enamel

The root of a tooth is covered by

cementum

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from

parasympathetic reflexes

The space between the cheeks (or lips ) and the teeth is called the

vestibule

A viral infection that often involves the parotid glands, which swell noticeably, is

mumps

Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the

oropharynx

An ulcerated stomach lining often repairs itself once the source of inflammation has been eliminated. How is this possible?

The tissue lining the stomach is an epithelium and thus capable of repair and renewal.

Functions of the stomach include...

storage of ingested food, initiation of protein digestion, denaturation of proteins, mechanical breakdown of food

Parietal cells secrete

hydrochloric acid

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pylorus

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called

rugae

The hormone ghrelin functions to

stimulate hunger

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is

rennin

Stimulates gastric secretion

gastrin

Increased production of gastric juice occurs during the

cephalic phase

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the

entry of food into the stomach

The intestinal phase of gastric digestion involves both \_______ and \_______ reflexes

neural and endocrine

The intestinal phase of gastric digestion functions to control the rate of what?

gastric emptying

When the chyme enters the small intestine what happens?

the intestinal phase of gastric digestion begins

The term "alkaline tide" implies that the pH of the blood in gastric veins is greater during \__________ than following \__________

digestion of a large meal than following a 24-hour fast.

A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in

a higher pH during gastric digestion

After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as

chyme

Mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells, and G cells receive signals through the submucosal plexus during the

cephalic phase

The cephalic phase is triggered by \_______ \______, such as \_____, as well as mental input.

sensory input; sight

Triggered by chemoreceptors sensing partially digested peptides.

gastric phase of gastric regulation

What do the gastroenteric reflex and the gastroileal reflex have in common?

They both respond to signals associated with the distension of the stomach wall.

When is CCK released?

ONLY during the intestinal phase independent of pH level

What inflammatory diseases are associated with the digestive system?

appendicitis, hepatitis, peritonitis

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the

the common bile duct and pancreatic duct

Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

ileum

Brunner glands are characteristic of the

duodenum

The fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the

common bile duct

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

pancreatic acini

Functions of the liver include...

synthesis of plasma proteins, storage of glycogen and iron reserves, synthesis and secretion of bile, inactivation of toxins

The Kupffer cells of the liver...

present antigens, destroy damaged RBCs, destroy bacteria, are phagocytic

Bile is stored in the

gallbladder

Enterogastric reflexes...

inhibit gastric motility/secretion, are triggered by chyme entering the duodenum, involve the enteric nervous system

In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid rich in

bicarbonate ion

What is the fat-soluble vitamin produced by the bacteria in the colon?

Vitamin K

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon (and unique to the large intestine) are called

mass movements

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces

Haustra are

expansible pouches of the colon

An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is

Trypsin

The absorption of some sugars in the small intestine involves

cotransport

Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on...

sodium-linked cotransport, cotransporter proteins in the apical membrane, higher Na ion concentration in the lumen than in the epithelial cell, the NaK pump in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell

Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called

micelles

Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase into glucose and

fructose

Fear, sleep, fatigue and dehydration inhibit...

salivation

What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?

chief

Cells in the pancreas that aid digestion...

acinar cells

The secretion in the large intestine consists of

bicarbonate and potassium rich mucus

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called...

metabolism

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?
a. store nutrients
b. produce secretions
c. structural maintenance
d. growth and repair
e. all of the answers

e

What percent of energy released from catabolism is lost as heat?

60%

About 40 percent of the energy content of nutrients is captured as ATP. The remainder is lost as \__________.

heat

Endocytosis, contraction and intracellular transport represent...

catabolism

\________ is broken down in cellular respiration to provide fuel for the cell

glucose

The sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Equation for cellular respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

\__________ takes place in the \_________ of a \_____________ cell?

glycolysis; cytosol; eukaryotic

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

glycolysis

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

citric acid cycle

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

electron transport cycle

Provides greatest yield of ATP

NADH from the citric acid cycle

"Remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes".. is a function of

the citric acid cycle

In the ETS, \________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.

a coenzyme

In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present?
a. glucose
b. acetyl-CoA
c. NAD
d. ATP
e. ADP

b

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

the citric acid cycle

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as

carb loading

How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule?

36 ATP

What is the role of NADH in metabolism?

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes

The citric acid cycle occurs in the

mitochondrial matrix

Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the electron transport system?

2 ATP

When NAD+ is \________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is \________ it becomes NAD+.

reduced; oxidized

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because

oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as CO2

The end products of aerobic respiration are

CO2, H2O and ATP

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of \________ from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, or amino acids.

glucose

Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for \________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.

gluconeogenesis

In the presence of oxygen, \_________ enters a mitochondrion.

pyruvate