Neuro Midterm Study Guide

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord

4 structures of the brain

Brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres

3 parts of brainstem

Medulla, pons, and midbrain

4 lobes of the brain

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Function of frontal lobe

Cognitive functions, speech and expressive language

Function of parietal lobe

Touch and taste sensory

Function of temporal lobe

Receptive language and long-term memory

Function of occipital lobe

Visual sensory

Ventricles

Fluid-filled spaces in the brain

Function of brainstem

Regulate major life functions, head and neck reflexes, and alertness and wakefulness

Superior (dorsal)

Closer to the top

Inferior (ventral)

Closer to the bottom

Anterior (rostral)

Toward the stomach

Posterior (caudal)

Toward the back

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Point nearest limb’s attachment

Distal

Point farthest from limb’s attachment

Peripheral

Toward the outer surface

Central

Toward the center

Ipsilateral

Same side

Contralateral

Opposite side

Sagittal plane

Right and left portions

Coronal

Front and back portions

Transverse

Upper and lower portions

Cranial nerve I; Olfactory

Smell

Cranial nerve II; Optic

Vision

Cranial nerve III; Oculomotor

Eye movement, pupillary constriction, eyelid opening

Cranial nerve IV; Trochlear

Eye movement; IV

Cranial nerve V; Trigeminal

Chewing

Cranial nerve VI; Abducens

Eye movement; VI

Cranial nerve VII; Facial

Facial expression and taste

Cranial nerve VII; Vestibulocochlear

Hearing and balance

Cranial nerve IX; Glossopharyngeal

Taste and swallow

Cranial nerve X; Vagus

Digestion and heart rate

Cranial nerve XI; Accessory

Movement of head and shoulders

Cranial nerve XII; Hypoglossal

tongue movement

Ischemic CVA

Blockage or clot

Hemorrhagic CVA

Bleeding or rupture

Transient ischemic attack

Mini stroke when symptoms disappear quickly

Layers of meninges

Pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater

Pia mater

Delicate inner-layer of meninges

Arachnoid

Middle layer of meninges; web like structure filled with fluid

6 phases of neuronal development

Dorsal induction, ventral induction, neural proliferation, neuronal migration, cortical organization, and myelination

Dorsal induction

3-4 weeks; neural tube formation

Ventral induction

2-3 months; face and brain develop out of the superior end of the neural tube

Neural proliferation

3-4 months; birth of neurons and glial cells

Neuronal migration

3-5 months; cells migrate to outer layer of the brain

Cortical organization

5 months to years postnatal; projection and connection of dendrites and axons

Myelination

Birth-years postnatal; production of myelin

Glial cells

Astrocytes, oligodendroglia, microfilm, Schwann cells, and satellite cells

Astrocytes

Maintain environment, repair/feed neurons, modulate neural transmission and breathing

Oligodendroglia

Produce myelin

Microglia

Scavenge debris and defend against foreign substances

Schwann cells

Produce myelin

Satellite cells

Maintain environment

Prefrontal cortex function

Cognition and emotion

Neuroanatomy

Study of nervous systems structure

Neuropathology

Study of nervous system diseases

Anatomy

Study of structure

Parts of prefrontal cortex

Dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and ventrolateral

Hydrocephalus

Accumulation of CSF causing brain tissue to compress skull

Choroid plexus

Produces CSF

Functions of CSF

Protection, lightens weight, reduces waste, and transports nutrients

Projection fibers

1st basic fiber; connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

Commissure fibers

2nd basic fiber; connects gray areas between the 2 hemispheres

Association fibers

3rd basic fiber; connect cortical structure in the same hemisphere

Peripheral nervous system

Nerves

Posterior cerebral artery

Supplies occipital lobe parts of temporal lobe, and various deep structures

Anterior cerebral artery

Supplies medial surface of frontal lobe and parietal lobe, and corpus callosum

Middle cerebral artery

Supplies pituitary gland, the eye and optic tract, hippocampus, and globus pallidas

Dura mater

Outer layer of meninges touching the skull

Use it or lose it

Failure to drive functions can lead to loss

Use it and improve it

Training functions can lead to improvement

Specificity

Training experience dictates the nature of specificity

Repetition matters

Plasticity required sufficient repitition

Intensity matters

Plasticity requires sufficient intensity

Time matters

Forms of plasticity occur at different times of training

Salience matters

Training experience must be important to induce plasticity

Age matters

Plasticity occurs more readily in younger people

Transference

Plasticity in response to one experience can enhance acquisition of other behaviors

Interference

Plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with acquisition of other behaviors

Neurogenesis

Formation of neurons

Anencephaly

Born without cerebral hemispheres

Myelitis

Inflammation of spinal cord

Circle of Willis

Feeds brains oxygenated blood through anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

Ataxia

Lack of muscle coordination

Thrombus

Clot in artery

Embolus

Dislodged traveling clot in arteries

Corpus callosum

Band of anoxal fibers that connects 2 hemispheres together

Gyrus

Ridge in the brain

Sulcus

Groove in the brain

Wernicke’s Area

BA 22; attaching meaning to auditory information

Broca’s Area

BA 44 & 45; Controls language production

Entorhinal Cortex

One of the most important structures for memory

Fusiform Gyrus

Inferior to temporal cortex that recognizes face

Somatosensory association cortex

Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex, integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object, and determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

Primary motor cortex

Cerebral cortex area sends motor signals to muscles to move; voluntary movement

Supramarginal Gyrus

Phonological development

Angular gyrus

Translates writing into speech