western civ chapter 10

What were the three major sections the Carolingian Empire got split into after Charlemagne's death?

the west Frankish lands, east Frankish lands, and the Middle kingdom

who invaded western europe and when

vikings in the 9th-10th centuries

Who were the Vikings?

raiders from Scandinavia, germanic people

what strategy helped the vikings sail up rivers and attack inland cities

their long narrow warships that carried 50 men, they were also very good sailors

when did the vikings begin to build european settlements

mid 9th century

What did the ruler of the west Frankish lands give the Vikings?

land at the mouth of the Seine River

What happened because of the Vikings conversion to Christianity?

they settled and soon became part of European civilization

How were the Vikings toward the people in Europe?

they were a safety threat

What/who did people rely on for safety and why?

local landed aristocrats/nobles because rulers could not defend their subjects as organized govs (carolingian empire) fell apart due to vikings

feudalism

political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

What was one of feudalisms main characteristics?

vassalage - men served lords in military capacity and lords took care of their needs

what was the frankish army like in the 8th century

horsemen used larger horses and stirrups which could support armed coats of mail, they also wielded long lances

Who were knights?

heavily armed mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs, dominated warfare in europe for 500 years, great social prestige

what was wealth based on in the early middle ages

land

What was the feudal contract?

- contract sealed by an oath of homage ceremony
- lords gave vassals fiefs (land) and had to defend vassal militarily/take their side in a dispute
- vassals served lords militarily (40 days a year) and had to appear at lord's court when summoned
- contract lasted until death
- determined the relationship between a lord and a vassal.

what did the lord/vassal relationship bind together?

greater and lesser landowners

Who were the nobles?

The nobles were the kings, dukes, counts, barons, and even bishops who had large landed estate

What did the nobles form?

an aristocracy, or nobility, that consisted of people who held political, economic, and social power.

What did great lords and ordinary knights do?

formed a common group within aristocracy, however there were social divisions among them based on wealth and landholdings

What was jousting?

introduced in 12th century, an activity performed by knights on horses during tournaments to demonstrate their fighting skills

What was chivalry?

the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold

when was chivalry established and who influenced it?

11th-12th centuries, influenced by catholic church

What did chivalry require knights to do?

- defended church/defenseless people
- treat captives as honored guests
- treat aristocratic women with respect

could women legally hold property?

yes

What was the role of the lady of the castle?

To control and manage the estate when the lord was away, she took care of financial accounts, managed officials and servants and was responsible for overseeing food supply and maintaining everything else in the household

what was the wife/husband relationship expected to be?

women were expected to be subservient (obey their husbands unquestioningly) but some women resisted

How did the population change from early middle ages to high middle ages?

increased drastically, nearly doubling from 38 million to 74 million between 1000-1300

what caused the population increase

- europe more settled and peaceful after invasions ended
- food production increased after 1000
- climate changed resulting in better growing conditions
- trees cut down/land cleared for farming

What was a carruca?

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare drawn by 6-8 oxen

How did the carruca help farming?

it easily turned over clay soils and led to the growth of farming villages bc they all shared a carruca bc it was expensive

What else increased food production?

shifting from a two-field to three-field crop rotation.
-2 field: used 1/2 of land while other laid fallow
-3 field: used 1/3 land for summer harvest, 1/3 for fall harvest, 1/3 laid fallow

What did letting a land lie fallow do for the land?

allowed it to regain its fertility

where were landed estates located?

on the fiefs given to a vassal by his lord

What was a manor?

an agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants

serfs

a peasant, or farmer, who is tied to the land and ruled by a lord (not a free peasant)

what did serfs have to do to the lords?

give labor services (3 days a week), pay rent (share of every product they raised), and be subject to the lords control

by 800, how many western europeans were serfs

60%

What was the manorial system?

the economic system based on ownership of land by a LORD and the labor of that land by SERFS

What legal rights did lords have over serfs?

- serfs could not leave manor with permission
- had right to try peasants in their own courts

lords duty to serfs

couldn't take their land away, had to protect serfs and give safety

What was a medieval household like?

simple cottages, roofs were thatched, poor homes were just one room, most had only two (one for sleeping and one for everything else)

staple of medieval diet

bread. women made dough, baked in community ovens.

when was the revival of trade

1000s-1100s

what invention helped revive trade in venice/italian cities?

mercantile fleet (fleet of trading ships) that helped them become major trading centers of mediterranean

which towns were ideally located for northern european traders and used for cloth?

towns in flanders, an area along the coast of present-day Belgium and northern France

What was the Hanseatic League?

developed in 13th century in baltic/north sea region, an alliance of more than 100 northern European cities that banded together for mutual trade protection and economic opportunity.

what happened in 1100s between flanders and italy?

a regular trade had developed

what did the counts of champagne in northern france due to encourage trade?

initiated a series of annual trade affairs

money economy

an economic system based on money rather than barter

How did the revival of trade lead to a money economy?

As trade increased, so did the demand for gold and silver coins.

What was built in cause of this new economic system?

- trading companies/banking firms manage exchange and sale of goods
- traders and these new economic institutions set up laws to deal with the changing of money, contracts, invoices, and bills of exchanges.

What is commercial capitalism?

an economic system in which people invested in trade and goods for profit

How did the revival of trade lead to the revival of cities in the 11th-12th centuries?

with revival of trade, merchants began to settle in old Roman cities that had previously declined in population

why did groups of merchants build towns near castles?

- usually located in trade router/river
- lords of castle would offer protection and build protective walls

What were the bourgeoisie?

middle class including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

large medieval trading city population

5,000

why did townspeople pay for their rights?

the land was owned by the lord so in order to live on it and maintain their trading lifestyle townspeople paid kings and lords for rights

What rights did townspeople have from local lords in 1100?

- right to buy/sell property
- freedom from military service to lord
- written law guaranteeing freedom
- right to an escape serf becoming free person (after living a year and a day in town)

who were citizens in medieval cities

males born in the city or had lived there a long time. they could elect city council members

Who were typically elected as city council members that served as judges and city officials that passed laws?

patricians and members of wealthiest and most powerful families (elections were rigged for them)

What were medieval cities like?

- surrounded by walls
- narrow, winding streets
- houses crowded against each other
- dirty, smelly, polluted, smoky

what was the ratio of men to women in medieval cities

more men that women

What were women expected to do?

supervise the household, prepare meals, raise the children, and manage the family's finances (sometimes a widow would carry on deceased husbands trade, or even have their own)

What were guilds?

started in 1000s, Guilds were associations of people who practiced the same craft or trade

what did guilds determine?

- the standards for the quality of the articles produced
- the price at which the finished goods could be sold
- the number of people who could enter a specific trade.

who invaded england in the early 5th century

angles and saxons, germanic peoples from northern europe

what did king alfred the great do

united various kingdoms in the late ninth century and since then, England had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings.

What was the Norman Conquest in 1066?

William of Normandy defeated King Harold on the english coast (battle of hastings) for the crown of England. knights received fiefs from william and nobles swore loyalty to william

what did the marriage of the normans and anglo-saxon nobility do?

merged the anglo-saxon and french into new english language.

domesday book by william

the first census taken in Europe since Roman times and included people, manors, and farm animals

what did william do

-domesday book
- developed taxation and royal courts started by anglo-saxon kings

What did Henry || do?

- increased number of criminal cases tried in kings courts
- devised means for taking property cases form local courts and moving them to royal courts
- expanded kings power from expansion of royal courts power
- body of common law created

common law

a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place

what did henry not succeed at?

imposing royal control over the church, tried to claim the right to punish clergymen in royal courts but failed

thomas a becket

archbishop of canterbury and highest-ranking english cleric that claimed that only roman catholic church courts could try clerics

What was the Magna Carta?

the “Great Charter” of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215

what did the magna carta say/do?

recognize that the relationship between kings and vassals was based on mutual rights and obligations. strengthened the idea that a monarch’s power was limited, not absolute.

What was Parliament?

developed in 13th century by Edward 1, England's form of representative government. that granted taxes, discussed politics, and passed laws.

what was the parliament composed of

- 2 knights from each county
- 2 ppl from every town
- all nobles and bishops throughout England

What was House of Lords?

upper house of parliament formed by nobles and church lords

What was House of Commons?

lower house of parliament formed by knights and townspeople

Who were the Capetians?

A noble family that rose to power in the mid-900s in France when Hugh Capet was elected king. By the 1300's they ruled almost all of modern France.

did the capetian kings have power

they had little real power, as they only controlled the il-de-france.

what did philip ii augustus do?

- created a turning point in french monarchy
- expanded monarchy's income and power
- fought wars against english to gain new territories

louis 9

french ruler in 13th century, later made a saint by catholic church. tried to bring justice to people by hearing their complaints in person

what did philip the fair do in the 13th-14th centuries?

- expanded the royal gov. (bureaucracy) which made the monarchy stronger
- created estates-general, the first french parliament

by 1300 france was...

the largest and best governed monarch in europe

first estate

clergy

2nd estate

nobles

3rd estate

townspeople and peasants

Who became kings of the eastern Frankish kingdom in the tenth century?

powerful dukes of the Saxons

Who was Otto I and what did he do?

- brought church under his control
- protected pope, in return was crowned emperor of romans (962) for first time since charlemagne
- created a new roman empire in the hands of the germans

what did the new german emperors of rome want to do

conquer italy and germany

what did frederick 1 try to do and what happened?

he wanted to conquer northern italy, however the pope and northern italian cities combined to defeat him

What consequences did the struggle between popes and German emperors have for the Holy Roman Empire?

- left germany in hands of powerful german lords
- nobles ignored emperor and created own kingdoms
- made german monarchy weak and incapable of maintaining strong state

what happened to most of spain after it was conquered by the umayyad caliphate in 725?

became a muslim province called al-andalus

What did the Islamic caliphates have an impact on>

social, cultural, and political development of Spain

What was the concept of dhimmitude?

- christians and jews could continue practicing religions, having their own courts and holding minor positions in gov.
- they were subject to special tax (dhimmi)/other regulations
- meant to remind them they lived under muslim rule
- caused many people in southern spain to convert to islam

who was spained ruled by specifically that was part of the caliphate?

the emir (duke) of cordoba

What was the Reconquista?

the christian reconquest in spain