04_SKELETAL-SYSTEM-BONES-DR.-GASCO

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Structures composed of bundles of connective tissue fibers that provide stability and support to joints.

Ligaments

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

usually found at the end of the muscle

tendons

3 types of cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage (nose)

Fibrocartilage (pubis)

Elastic Cartilage (pinna of the ears)

Cartilages are composed of what cell

chondrocytes

Most common type of cartilage in the body, found primarily at the ends of bones and in the rib cage, nose, and trachea.

Hyaline cartilage

Type of cartilage with more collagen fibers, found in the vertebral column and pubis.

Fibrocartilage

Type of cartilage with elastic fibers, found in the pinna of the ear and epiglottis of the larynx.

Elastic cartilage

Difference of bones and cartilages

Bones are hard due to the presence of minerals in their matrix, while cartilages are more flexible.

Functions of the skeletal system

Support

Protection

Movement

Storage of minerals

Blood cell production.

Types of bones

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.

Why bone hard

has the matrix of the ground substance of the bones which contains minerals calcium phosphate crystals called HYDROXYAPATITE

Example is the femur, the largest long bone in the body.

Long bone

Example is the phalanges in the hand.

Short bone

No characteristic shape, examples are the vertebrae.

Irregular bone

Found in tendons, example is the patella.

Sesamoid bone

Found in the diaphysis of long bones.

Hard/compact bone

Found in the epiphysis of long bones, has trabeculae and can withstand pressure.

Spongy/cancellous bone

Structure of a long bone

Divided into the diaphysis (compact bone) and epiphysis (spongy bone with trabeculae).

A fibrous tissue that covers the diaphysis of a bone and contains blood vessels, arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics.

Periosteum

Young bone cells that are responsible for bone formation.

Osteoblasts

The central cavity of the diaphysis that contains red bone marrow tissue.

Medullary cavity

The thin fibrous lining of the medullary cavity.

Endosteum

The skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pelvic bone that form the central axis of the skeleton.

Axial skeleton

A fatty deposition of fats found in the extremities of long bones that does not produce blood cells.

Yellow bone marrow

The structural unit of compact bone, also known as the Haversian system.

Osteon

Lamellae

Concentric rings of flat structures that form the osteon.

Small spaces within the lamellae that contain bone cells called osteocytes.

Lacuna

Small canals that connect the lacunae and contain the processes of osteocytes, allowing them to obtain nutrients.

Canaliculi

Bone tissue found in the epiphysis of long bones and in the skull, characterized by numerous trabeculae spaces.

Spongy bone

Hyaline cartilage plates that separate the epiphysis from the diaphysis in young bones and are responsible for longitudinal growth.

Epiphyseal plates

The remnant of the epiphyseal plate after the bone stops growing.

Epiphyseal line

Skull is divided into 2 compact bones

thicker outer

thinner inner table

The formation of bone directly from connective tissue, with osteoblasts responsible for bone deposition.

Intramembranous ossification

The formation of bone from a cartilage model, with chondrocytes enlarging, calcifying, and being replaced by osteoblasts that form the bone matrix.

Endochondral ossification

The process of increasing the size and thickness of bones.

Bone growth

Types of Bone Growth

Appositional Growth

Endochondral Growth

Bone growth in width, facilitated by the periosteum and osteoblasts.

Appositional growth

The outer covering of the bone that contains neurovascular structures and osteoblasts.

Periosteum

Bone-forming cells that produce new ground substance and fibers, leading to calcification and the formation of new bone.

Osteoblasts

The process of depositing calcium in the bone, resulting in its hardening.

Calcification

The process of removing bone tissue, primarily carried out by osteoclasts.

Bone resorption

The inner covering of the bone that contains osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption.

Endosteum

Bone growth that occurs at the epiphyseal plate, involving the multiplication and calcification of cartilage cells.

Endochondral growth

Cartilage cells that multiply and increase the length of the bone during endochondral growth.

Chondrocytes

Empty space left behind after the death of cartilage cells, which is then occupied by osteoblasts to produce new bone tissue.

Lacuna

The site of longitudinal bone growth located between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Epiphyseal plate

The replacement of the epiphyseal plate with bone tissue, marking the end of bone growth in length.

Epiphyseal line

The process of continuous bone formation and removal, involving osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Bone remodeling

The formation of a blood clot or hematoma at the site of a fracture.

Hematoma formation

The migration of blood vessels and surrounding cells to the fracture site, leading to the production of fibers and new cartilage.

Callus formation

The formation of new bone tissue by osteoblasts, replacing the cartilage callus.

Callus ossification

The newly formed bone tissue that replaces the cartilage callus during callus ossification.

Woven spongy bone

The cavity formed in the bone due to the removal of excessive tissue by osteoclasts during bone remodeling.

Medullary cavity

A cement used to immobilize fractured bones during the healing process.

Plaster of Paris

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by excessive activity of osteoblasts, leading to brittle bones.

Refers to the balance of mineral salts, primarily calcium and phosphate, in the bones.

Bone Homeostasis

Two pairs of glands located in the posterior view responsible for regulating blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid Glands

Hormones secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to decreased blood calcium levels, stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into the blood.

PTH (Parathyroid Hormones)

A hormone that promotes calcium absorption from the small intestine into the blood, can be obtained from food or activated in the skin when exposed to sunlight.

Vitamin D

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland in response to increased blood calcium levels, inhibiting osteoclasts and promoting osteoblast uptake of calcium from the blood to deposit into bone.

Calcitonin

Axial Bones

skull,

vertebral column,

rib cage,

sacrum.

Appendicular Bones

the upper

lower appendicular bones.

Cranial Bones (PESOFT)

frontal,

parietal,

temporal,

sphenoid,

occipital,

ethmoid bones.

Facial Bones (NZNMVMLP)

Nasal

Zygomatic

Nasal conchae

Maxilla

Vomer

Mandible

Lacrimal

Palatine

Two bones located in the nose.

Nasal Bone

Two bones that form the cheekbones.

Zygomatic Bone

Two bones that form the upper jaw and contain sockets for the teeth.

Maxilla

The lower jaw bone that contains sockets for the teeth and forms the temporomandibular joint.

Mandible

A bone that forms part of the orbit.

Lacrimal Bone

A bone that forms part of the hard palate.

Palatine Bone

A bone that forms part of the nasal septum.

Vomer

Projections from the ethmoid bone that help filter and humidify inhaled air.

Nasal Conchae

A U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and is located in the submandibular region, forming part of the larynx.

Hyoid Bone

Vertebral Column (CTLS) 33

Cervical 7

Thoracic 12

Lumbar 5

Sacral vertebrae (Sacral 5, Coccyx 4)

Typical Vertebra should have

Spinous Process

Lamina and Pedicle

A bony projection on the posterior side of a vertebra.

Spinous Process

Components of the vertebral arch that enclose the spinal canal.

Lamina and Pedicle

An opening in the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.

Vertebral foramen

The first cervical vertebra that lacks a body and articulates with the occipital condyle.

Atlas

The second cervical vertebra that has a short body and a dens that articulates with the atlas.

Axis

The third to seventh vertebrae in the neck region that have two spinous processes and side openings for the passage of blood vessels.

Cervical vertebra

Vertebrae in the chest region that have facets for rib attachment and support the body.

Thoracic vertebra

Five fused vertebrae that form the base of the spine and provide passage for spinal nerves.

Sacrum

Consists of 12 pairs of ribs, with the 11th and 12th ribs being floating ribs.

Rib cage

Cartilage that allows for expansion during inspiration and can bend without breaking.

Hyaline cartilage

Sternum

The central part of the thoracic cage

Parts of a Sternum

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Consists of the clavicle and scapula, forming the shoulder joint.

Pectoral girdle

The bone in the upper arm that forms a joint with the radius and ulna.

Humerus

Eight bones in the wrist, divided into two rows (proximal and distal).

Carpal bones

Bones in the dorsum of the hand.

Metacarpal bones

Bones of the fingers, with three in each finger except the thumb, which has two.

Phalanges

Shoulder blade bone with processes such as the acromion, glenoid cavity, coracoid process, and spine.

Scapula

Collarbone that connects the upper limb to the body and forms a joint with the sternum.

Clavicle

Bones in the forearm that articulate with the humerus and form the elbow joint.

Ulna and Radius

Formed by the hip bones and sacrum, providing support for the lower limbs.

Pelvic girdle

Composed of the ilium, pubis, and ischium, with the acetabulum forming the hip joint.

Hip bone

Thigh bone with a head covered in hyaline cartilage, greater trochanter for muscle attachment, and condyles for joint formation.

Femur

Bones in the leg, with the tibia providing support and the fibula for muscle attachment.

Tibia and Fibula