Neuro EXAM 1

Which of the following involves challenges in education or employment?

Participation barriers

The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination comes from what school of thought?

Connectionism

The prehistoric practice of creating a hole in the skull is known as what?

Trephination

Which of the following is classified as an inflammatory disease?

Meningitis

Which of the following involves difficulty executing things like walking and eating?

Activity Barriers

Which of the following is classified as a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system?

Multiple Sclerosis

Which of the following pioneers in neuroscience worked with a now famous patient nicknamed Tan?

Paul Broca

Rank spatial resolution techniques from best to worst

fMRI; PET; EEG

What was the profession called whose practitioners felt the bumps on a person's skull to determine his or her mental strengths and weaknesses?

Phrenology

Temporal resolution neuroimaging techniques focus on time while spatial resolution techniques focus on the location of activity in the brain.

true

Which of the following terms refers to the total number of current cases in a given population at a point of time?

Prevalence

Which school of thought believes that the brain works as an integrative whole?

Holism

Functional neuroimaging shows brain anatomy while structural imaging shows brain physiology.

false

Rank temporal resolution techniques from best to worst.

EEG; fMRI; PET

Holders of the cell doctrine believed mental functions centered on what anatomical structure?

Brain ventricles

Which school of thought believes humans are two substances, a material body (brain) and an immaterial soul (mind)?

Dualism

At its most basic level, the nervous system is about two-way communication between the brain and body.

True

The Egyptians believed that mental functions were located in the brain.

False

Which of the following is the study of disease processes?

Pathology

Weakness on one side of the body is known as hemiplegia

true

Which imaging technique shows brain activity based on the brain's glucose metabolism?

PET

Which school of thought believes the brain works through a network of interconnected centers?

Connectionism

What does neurology involve?

anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system

That part of the nervous system that includes the spinal and cranial nerves is which of the following (pick best answer)?

Peripheral nervous system

Dorsal induction is a neurodevelopmental period in which the neural tube is formed, which will eventually become the brain and spinal cord.

True

Which term below refers to the birth of new neurons?

Neurogenesis

Neurulation is term for the formation of the neural tube.

True

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord is known as what?

Central nervous system

Encephalocele is a condition where development of the brain stops at the brainstem leaving the child without cerebral hemispheres.

False

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brainstem?

Cerebellum

Which refers to the midbrain?

Mesencephalon

Ventral induction is a neurodevelopmental period that involves the superior end of the neural tube becoming the face and brain.

True

Which part of the nervous system controls our fight or flight response?

Sympathetic nervous system

The process of forming new synapses between neurons is known as what?

Synaptogenesis

Which term refers to the forebrain?

Prosencephalon

Which term below means "bringing structures together"?

Adduct

Which neurological disorder involves the body's own immune system, which attacks myelin resulting in progressive scarring of the brain's white matter?

Multiple sclerosis

Which part of a cell acts like the mayor of the cell in that it contains DNA, which is the genetic code that regulates the maintenance of the cell and production of new cells?

Nucleus

Neuron functioning involves both electrical firing at the synapse and chemical firing along the axon.

False

The electrical firing of a neuron, in which an actual potential is produced, is known as the process of depolarization.

True

If another stimulus is given to the neuron during the absolute refractory period (1-2ms), the neuron will immediately fire again.

false

Which gradient(s) is/are crucial to neuron function? note: there may be multiple answers that are correct.

Charge; concentration

Efferent communication is sensory in nature while afferent communication is motor in nature.

false

Which of the following nervous system cells is primarily responsible for the communication with the nervous system?

neuron

People with intellectual disabilities have fewer dendritic spines than typical people do.

true

Primary brain tumors originate in the brain, but metastatic brain tumors originate somewhere else in the body and then migrate to the brain.

true

Organs grouped together to perform certain function(s) is best describes as what?

system

Which neurotransmitter is found in the brainstem, the base of the forebrain, and the basal ganglia and is thought to regulate CNS neuronal activity, especially in alertness, attention, memory, and learning?

Acetylcholine

Neurons operate on an all-or-none principle, meaning that a certain threshold must be met before the neuron fires.

true

Which of the following nervous system cells is responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Oligodendroglia

Which neurotransmitter plays a role in motor control as well as our reward system?

dopamine

The neuron doctrine is the belief that each neuron is a separate cell and the fundamental building block of the nervous system.

true

A neuron at rest is said to be polarized, meaning that gradients are established and the neuron is ready to fire like a loaded gun.

True

Reflex messages are completely handled at the level of the spinal cord and never make it to the cerebral cortex for processing.

False

Which structure below regulates many aspects of human experience, including consciousness, the sleep-wake cycle, cardiovascular functions, and respiration.

Reticular formation

Which of the following is a symptom of cerebellar damage? (multiple answers)

ataxia; dysmetria; dysdiadochokinesia

Which condition can be caused by stroke, tumor, and multiple sclerosis and primarily affects the ipsilateral limbs causing tremor, dysmetria, and dysdiadohokineasia?

Cerebellar hemispheral syndrome

Where does the substantia nigra reside?

Midbrain

About 80% of motor fibers cross or decussate at the level of the medulla.

True

Which of the following cranial nerves are important for speech, hearing, and language (i.e., reading/writing)?

II.

V.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for conducting auditory information from the ear to the brain?

Cranial Nerve VIII- Vestiulocochlear

Which structure monitors sensory input from a wide array of sensory sources and integrates this feedback into the planning and correction of motor movements?

Cerebellum

It is possible for a person to live without a cerebellum.

true

Which of the following motor tracts originates in the motor cortex of the frontal lobe and functionally is responsible for contralateral movement of the body?

Lateral corticospinal tract

Inflammation of the spinal cord is known as what?

Myelitis

Which of the following cranial nerves controls the tongue muscles?

Cranial nerve XII hypoglossal

Which of the following cranial nerves controls the face muscles?

Cranial Nerve VII - Facial

Which of the following structures has been traditionally viewed as a sensory fiber relay station or switchboard between the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas?

Thalamus

To what structure does the pineal gland belong?

epithalamus

Which form of hydrocephalus is a narrowing (stenosis) of the passageways that connect the ventricles that can lead to CSF build-up because CSF cannot freely move through the system?

Obstructive

Which structure has more in common with the basal ganglia than the thalamus?

Subthalamus

Which profile of thalamic aphasia is correct? (Note: + is preserved, - significantly impaired, and = is minimally impaired)

PROFILE 1: Fluency: + | Auditory Comprehension: = | Repetition: =

The fan-shaped sheet of axons that run between the coritcal surface and the thalamus is known as what?

Corona radiata

Which two structures make up the lenticular nucleus?

Putamen; Globus pallidus

Which two structure make up the striatum?

Putamen; Caudate nucleus

Which disorder below is a progressive extrapyramidal movement disorder involving degeneration of the substantia nigra and thus the loss of dopaminergic innervation of the striatum?

Parkinson's disease

Which of the following structures are NOT a part of the basal ganglia?

Tectum

To what structure does the pituitary gland belong?

Hypothalamus

The occurrence of thalamic aphasia suggests that subcortical structures, such as the thalamus, along with the cerebral cortex play an important role in language.

true

The thalamus processes all sensory information except olfaction (i.e., smell).

true

Which condition involves burning or tingling sensations and possibly hypersensitivity to things that would not normally be painful, such as light touch or temperature change?

Thalamic pain syndrome; Dejerine-Roussy syndrome

Which principle of brain plasticity states that the induction of plasticity requires sufficient training?

Repetition matters

In terms of function, each cerebral hemisphere is a mirror image of the other

false

which principle of brain plasticity states that plasticity occurs more readily in younger people?

age matters

A thrombus originates in cerebral blood vessel while an embolus originates somewhere else and lodges in a cerebral blood vessel.

True

What kind of damage do CVA's cause in the brain?

Focal

What kind of damage does traumatic brain injury cause in the brain?

Diffuse; coup; countrecoup

Which of the following is the cause of cerebral palsy

Lack of oxygen, premature birth, infection, brain hemorrhage (all of the above)

which type of CVA involves a blockage of a blood vessel

Ischemic

Closed head injury involves some object (bullet, shell fragment, rock) penetrating the skull while an open head injury involves forces that cause damage to the brain, but without penetrating the skull

False

Which principle of brain plasticity states that training of certain brains function can lead to improvement?

Use it and improve it

What percentage of right-handed people have their language centers in the left hemispheres of the brain?

96%

Which of the following structures is a band of axonal fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres together

Corpus callosum

Brodmann Areas: Prefrontal Cortex

9, 10, 11, 46, 47

Brodmann Areas: Broca's area

44, 45

Brodmann's area: premotor cortex

6

Brodmann's area: Primary motor cortex

area 4

Brodmann's area: Primary sensory cortex

1, 2, 3

Brodmann's area: Angular gyrus

39

Brodmann's area: Supramarginal gyrus

40