Biology Mid-Term Review

the purpose of the scientific method

to try and explain natural science rationally by obtaining and evaluating data.

all of the parts that make up the scientific method

Make an observation.

Ask a question.

Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.

Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.

Test the prediction.

Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions

the independent and dependent variable and the graph's axis

independent - x and dependent - y

why "scale" is an important part of data representation

the level of data measurement is what determines the data analysis technique to be used.

Observation

the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.

Inference

the process of inferring something.

Hypothesis

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

Independent variable

a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.

Dependent variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

Quantitative data

numerical data

Qualitative data

descriptive data

Constant

something that stays the same

Control

In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison

the relationship of biology to living things

the science of biology is mainly studying about life.

the building blocks of matter and their purposes

The types of atoms that make up a particular bit of matter, and the way those atoms are arranged, affect the properties and the behaviour of that matter.

the levels of organization smaller than the cell

atoms, molecules, compounds

the smallest unit of life is

cell

the characteristics of living things

1\.cells

2\.reproduction

3\.genetic code

4\.growth & development

5\.Use energy

6\.response to environment

7\.internal balance

8\.evolution

polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

the importance of hydrogen bonding

Most important factor in determining waters properties

Also important for protein and DNA structure

how cohesion and adhesion are related to surface tension and capillary action

Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.

water's density in liquid and solid form

Ice is less dense than liquid water

how polarity allows water to dissolve many substances.

Allowing the formation of hydrogen bonds

explain how properties of water are essential to sustaining life

water's role as a solvent helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients

Biology

The study of life

Abiotic

Non-living

Biotic

living

Stimuli

causes a response

Cell

Basic unit of life

Reproduction

reaction to stimulus

Density

mass/volume

Polarity

the property of having poles or being polar.

Nonpolar

a molecule in which all atoms have the same electronegativity and the electron distribution is equal

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Hydrogen Bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Order of Classification developed by Linnaeus

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which levels of classification are used in an organism's scientific name?

genus and species

the levels of organization from least encompassing to most

species

population

community

ecosystem

biome

biosphere

Population

same species and same area

Community

different species and same area

Ecosystem

community and abiotic factors

Biome

group of ecosystems

Biosphere

earth

ultimate source of energy

sun

how energy flows through a system

in 10% of energy

what the arrows represent in a food chain/web

flow of energy

what is found at each trophic level

1st- Producers (Autotrophs)

2nd- Primary consumers (Heterotroph, herbivore)

3rd- Secondary Consumers (Omnivore)

4th- Tertiary Consumers (Carnivore)

why there can't be more than 4 of 5 levels in any single food chain

because there is not enough energy

why there are more organisms in the lower trophic levels than the upper trophic levels?

Because there is more energy

what is biological magnification and how it affects a food chain

The increasing build up of toxic substances within organisms that happen at each stage of the food chain.

what trophic level is most affected by energy and why

Tertiary consumer because it is the most vulnerable for extinction

Producer

An organism that can make its own food.

primary consumer

An organism that eats producers

secondary consumer

An organism that eats primary consumers

Tertiary Consumer

An organism that eats secondary consumers

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Food Web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

trophic level

Each step in a food chain or food web (producer, 1, 2, 3)

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

Precipitation

Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.

Condensation

Gas to liquid

accumulation

an increase in amount over a period of time

Runoff

water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground

Evaporation

Liquid to gas

Nitrogen Fixation Transportation

a chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

predator-prey relationship

Interaction between two organisms of different species in which one organism, called the predator, captures and feeds on parts or all of another organism, called the prey.

how the removal or addition of prey would affect the predator population

there is more food for the predators

how the removal or addition of predators would affect the prey population

population explosion in the prey species

why multiple species can't live in the same habitat and have the same niche

species with identical niches also have identical needs

competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

predator

An animal that hunts other animals for food

prey

An organism that is killed and eaten by another organism

what happens to a population that reaches carrying capacity

resources become more scarce and the growth rate slows.

how limiting factors affect a population and some examples

constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

limiting factors

Conditions in the environment that put limits on where an organism can live

population density

Number of individuals per unit area

keystone species

A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

pioneer species

First species to populate an area during primary succession

primary succession

An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed

secondary succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

lipid structure

\*composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

\*can be solids (lard, wax) or liquid (oils)

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

basic structure of proteins

amino acids

lipid

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Hydrophobic

Water fearing