Ch 11: Respiratory. System

Antihistamines

Manage allergies associated with allergic rhinitis or allergy-induced astham

Bronch/o

Bronchus

Capn/o

Carbon dioxide

Coni/o

Dust

Ox/i

Oxygen

Pector/o

Chest

Salping/o

Tube, fallopian or eustachian

Phon/o

Sound, voice

Pneum/o

Lung, air

Sept/o

Wall partition

Spir/o

Breathing

Steth/o

Breathing

Tel/o

End, far, complete

Trache/o

Windpipe

\-ectasis

Expansion, dilation

Inspire

Breathe in

Expire

Breathe out

Olfaction

Sense of smell

External respiration

Process of exchanging O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the lungs

Internal respiration

Exchange of gases between the lungs and blood

Nares

Nostrils

Nasal septum

What separates the nostrils

Cilia

Small hairs in nose

Paranasal sinuses

Proximal to nose

Pharyngeal tonsils

AKA adenoids

Oropharynx

Part of throat behind the mouth; location of more lymphatic tissue; art of the digestive system

Palatine tonsils

Continuous with the roof of the mouth (palate); made of protective lymphatic tissue

Diaphragm

Muscles responsible for respiration, large and dome-shaped, between thoracic and ab. cavities and **intercostal muscles**

Pleura

Encloses/surrounds the lungs in a double-layered membrane

Mediastinum

Space between the lungs

Trachea

Extends from larynx into chest cavity

Alveoli

Bronchioles end in microscopic ducts capped by air sacs

Surfactant

Substance that coats each alveolus

Pariet/o

Wall

Visceral pleura

The side of the membrane that coats the lungs

Parietal pleura

The side that lines the inner surface of the rib cage

Or/o

Mouth

Lobul/o

Lobe

Hal/o

Breathe

Aphonia

Loss of ability to make sounds

Dysphonia

Difficulty making sounds

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Deep, rapid breathing followed by a period of apnea

Clubbing

Abnormal enlargement of the distal phalanges as a result of diminished O2 in the blood

Hyponea

Extremely shallow breathing

Tachynea

Rapid, shallow breathing

Epistaxis

Nosebleed

AKA rhinorrhagia

Epistaxis

Hemoptysis

Coughing up blood/blood-stained sputum

\-ptysis

Spitting

Hypercapnia

Condition of excessive CO2 in the blood

Hypoxemia

Condition of deficient O2 in the blood. **Hypoxia** is the condition of deficient O2 in the tissues

Pleurodynia

Pain in chest caused by inflammation of the intercostal muscles

Pyrexia

Fever

Sputum

Mucus coughed up from the lungs and expectorated through the mouth. If abnormal, it may be described as to its amount, color, or odor

Thoracodynia

Chest pain

Friction noises

Sound made by dry surfaces rubbing together

Rales

Abnormal lung sound heard on auscultation, characterized by discontinuous bubbling noises

AKA crackles

Rales

Rhonchi

Abnormal rumbling sound heard on auscultation, caused by airways blocked by secretions or muscle contraction.

Stridor

High-pitched inspiratory sounds from the larynx; a sign of upper airway obstruction

Tympan/o

Drum

Tympany, chest

Low-pitched resonant sound from the chest

Eupnea

Normal breathing

Coryza

The common cold

Croup

Acute viral infection of early childhood, marked by stridor caused by spasms of the:

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

Deviated septum

Deflection of the nasal passages, resulting in infection, sinusitis, SOB, headache, pr recurring epistaxis

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Posterior pharynx relaxes and covers trachea

Pharyngitis

Symptoms of sore throat

Polyp, nasal and vocal cord

Small, tumor-like growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface, including the inside of the nose, the paranasal sinuses, and the vocal cords

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose

Rhinomycosis

Abnormal condition of fungus in the nose

Rhinosalpingitis

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and eustachian tubes

sinusitis

Inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses

URI

Upper respiratory infection

Acute respiratory failure (ARF)

A sudden inability of the respiratory system to provide O2 and/or remove CO2 from the blood

Asthma

Respiratory disorder characterized by recurring episodes of **paroxysmal** **dyspnea**. pts exhibit coughing wheezing, and SOB. If the attack becomes continuous (termed **status asthmatics**), it may be fatal

Paroxysmal

Sudden, episodic

Atelectasis

Collapse of lung or an entire lung

\-ectasis

Dilation

Bronchiectasis

Chronic dilation of the bronchi. Symptoms:

• Dyspnea

• Expectoration of foul-smelling sputum

• Coughing

Bronchospasm

Sudden, involuntary contraction of bronchi. AKA **asthma attack**

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Respiratory disorder characterized by progressive and irreversible diminishment in inspiratory and expiratory capacity of the lungs. pt experiences **dyspnea on exertion (DOE)**, difficulty inhaling or exhaling, and a chronic cough

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Inherited disorder of the exocrine glands resulting in abnormal, thick secretions of mucus that cause COPD

Diphtheria

Bacterial respiratory infection characterized by a

• Sore throat

• Fever

• Headache

Emphysema

Abnormal condition of the pulmonary system characterized by distention and destructive changes of the alveoli. The most common cause is tobacco smoking, but exposure to environmental particle matter may also cause the disease

Flail chest

Multiple rib fractures causing instability in parts of chest wall and in which the lung under the injured area contracts on inspiration and bulges out on experiation

Influenza

AKA - flue. __Acute infectious disease__ of respiratory tract caused by a virus. **Avian flue** is caused by type A influenza virus. **Swine flu** is caused by H1N1 virus

Pertussis

__Bacterial infection__ of the respiratory tract with a characteristic high-pitched “whoop”. AKA **whooping cough**

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the parietal pleura of the lungs. May be caused by:

• Cancer

• Pneumonia

• Tuberculosis (TB)

Pneumoconiosis

Loss of lung capacity caused by accumulation of dust in the lungs. Types include:

• Asbestosis

• Silicosis

• Anthracosis

Asbestosis

__Abnormal condition__ of *asbestos* in the lungs

Silicosis

__Abnormal accumulation__ of *glass dust* in the lungs

Anthracosis

__Abnormal accumulation__ of *coal dust* in the lungs AKA **black lung disease** or **coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP)**

Pneumonia

__Inflammation__ of the lungs caused by a variety of pathogens. If __infectious__, termed: **pneumonitis**. Names of lobes are used to describe the extent of disease (eg **RML pneumonia** is pneumonia of the right middle lobe). If both lungs are affected, it’s termed **double pneumonia**

Pneumothorax

Air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to __collapse__

Pulmonary abscess

Localized __accumulation__ of *pus* in the lungs

Pulmonary edema

__Accumulation of fluid__ in the lung tissue. Often present in CHF, caused by __inability__ of the heart to *pump blood*

Pyothorax

AKA **empyema**

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

__Acute__; occurring in lower respiratory tract in kids and upper tract in adults. Most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and highly contagious in kids

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

__Viral respiratory disorder__ caused by COVID. Usually results in pneumonia