Chanh

information society

the exchange of information is the predominant economic activity

mass communication

is one-to-many, with limited audience feedback

digital

computer-readable information formatted in 1s and 0s

smartphones

mobile phones that can access the internet

analog

communication uses continuously varying signals corresponding to the light or sounds originated by the source

apps

software applications for use on smartphones

channel

an electronic or mechanical system that links the source to the receiver

streaming video

converts video to continuous streams of data for transmission over the internet

telecommunications act of 1996

federal legislation that deregulated the communications media

copyright

legal right to control intellectual property

with it comes the legal privilege to use, sell, or license creative works

net neutrality

users are not discriminated against based on the amount or nature of the data they transfer on the internet

digital divide

gap in internet usage between rich and poor, anglos and minorities

information workers

create, process, transform, or store information

gatekeepers

decide what will appear in the media

social media

are media whose content is created and distributed through social interactions

communication

is an exchange of meaning

meditated

refers to communication transmitted through an electronic or mechanical channel

new media

are digital, interactive, social, asynchronous, multimedia, and narrowcasted

asynchronous

media are not consumed simultaneously by all members of the audience

affordances

technical features of communication channels that allow their users to perform useful functions

interactive

communication allows the user to modify and control a message as it is presented

blogs

short for web log, is commentary addressed to the web audience

a blog is similar to an online opinion journal

narrowcasting

targets media to specific segments of the audience

theories

general principles that explain and predict behavior

economics

studies the forces that allocate resources to satisfy competing needs

economics of scale

result when unit costs go down as production quantities increase

law of supply and demand

describes the relationship among the supply of products, prices, and consumer demand

marginal costs

the incremental costs of each additional copy or unit of a product

monopoly

domination of a market by a single company

oligopoly

the domination of a market by a few firms

duopoly

when two companies dominate a market

barriers to entry

obstacles companies must overcome to enter a market

profits

what is left after operating costs, taxes, and paybacks to investors

copyright royalty fee

a payment for use of a creative work

media literacy

learning to think critically about the role of media in society

critical studies

examines the overall impact of media

political economy

analyzes patterns of class domination and economic power

hegemony

the use of media to create a consensus around certain ideas, so that they come to be accepted as common sense

diffusion

the spread of innovations

technological determinism

explains that the media cause changes in society and culture

popular culture

made up of elements mass-produced in society for the mass population

novels

extended fictional works, usually of book length

literacy

the ability to read and understand variety of information

almanacs

book-length collections of useful facts, calendars, and advice

subscription libraries

lent books to the public for a fee

dime novels

inexpensive paperback novels of the nineteenth century

book publishers

offer an array of services, from editing to promoting to selling a book

book

was defined traditionally and narrowly as a set of pages bound together between covers

e-books

book content that appears in digital text format

it can be read on mobile devices, computer tablets, and e-readers

audiobooks

can be heard on a CD, the radio, or downloaded onto a mobile device

e-readers

devices that are used to read digital content found in books, magazines, and newspapers

mobile devices

handheld computers or cell phones with display screens

they access and send information using cell phone or WiFi connections to the internet

e-commerce

the ability to buy and sell online

print-on-demand

technology prints books only when they are ordered by customers

blacklist books

older books that are not actively promoted but are still in print

orphaned books

older books, perhaps still under copyright, whose authors are unknown

softcover books

usually printed and distributed in a manner similar to that of hard cover books

they are larger, exhibit more intricate artwork on the cover, and are more expensive than mass-market paperbacks

censorship

when authorities or perhaps others in positions of power suppress types of information or news to audiences

corantos

news sheets that appeared around 1600

datelines

appear at the beginning of a story and note the location where a story happens

marketplace of ideas

concept that the truth and the best ideas will win out in competition

libel

harmful and untruthful written criticism from the media that intends to damage someone

partisan press

newspapers sponsored by a person or groups that support particular ideas, causes, politics, or individuals

seditious speech

aimed at overthrowing the government

diversity

includes all points of view from people of different races, cultures, political learnings, gender, age, and life experiences, for example

abolitionists

wanted to abolish slavery

penny press

included daily newspapers that sold for 1 cent and had content that interested the average person

wire services

supply news to multiple paying news organizations; they were named originally for their use of telegraph wires

modern wire services are digital and are called "news services"

new journalism

the investigative reporting of the nineteenth century

to scoop

a rival newspaper is to be the first one to get the story and publish it

yellow journalism

the sensationalistic reporting of the nineteenth century

objectivity

fosters news stories free of biases and opinions

muckraking

investigative journalism that "rakes off the muck" - dirt and filth - to expose corruption and scandal

conglomerates

big businesses or corporations that own seemingly unrelated holdings

they are made up of diverse parts from across several media industries and are involved in multiple areas of business activity

social responsibility model

calls on journalists to monitor the ethics of their own newsgathering and reporting

backpack journalism

the term for reporters who carry a digital video camera, tape recorder, notebook, telephone, and computer, often in a backpack

convergence

the integration of mass media, computers, and telecommunications

it occurs when news organizations share different formats of information for multimedia news

videotex

was an early way to transmit digital news by phone lines for display on TVs or early desktop computers

a modem and special software were needed to transmit the analog signals to digital ones and vice-versa

teletext

an early way to transmit digital news by cable or broadcast signals for display on TVs

blog

short for web log, is commentary addressed to the web audience

similar to an online opinion journal

news industry business model

totally dependent on advertising revenues

thus, revenues fluctuate with the advertising whims and budgets of other businesses

paywall model

limits the number of free articles that a reader can access

metered pay models

require readers to pay a price to read more than a few articles

news aggregates

take stories from the original news sources for display on their own sites, hoping to attract audiences

most do not pay the originators, who should be paid and referenced

hard news

the immediate coverage of recent events, such as accidents and crime

soft news

stories can be covered or published at almost any time

unique visitors per month

the measure of how many different people visit the site within a month

a visitor can make many visits to the site, but is counted once

shoppers

free to readers and are supported by advertisers; content sometimes includes news stories, but advertising is the main objective

plagiarism

using someone else's ideas and work without citation

fabrication

information that is made up instead of emerging from facts

anonymous sources

people who give reporters information but do not allow the publication of their names

miscellanies

magazines with a wide variety of content

woodcuts

used to make illustrations by carving a picture in a block of wood, inking it, and pressing it onto paper

genres

distinctive styles of creative works

the term is also used to represent different types or formats of media content

news magazines

weekly periodicals with coverage on current news events