Exam 2: Human Dev

___________ parenting is the traditional model of parenting in which parents make the rules and children are expected to be obedient.

Authoritarian

According to your book, short-term memory is most similar to:

Working Memory

___________ parenting involves holding expectations of children that are below what could be reasonably expected from them.

Permissive

Children between the ages of two and six years tend to grow about _____ in height each year.

3 inches

The __________ is a dense band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

Corpus Callosum

Which part of the brain appears to be particularly important for the development of executive function?

Prefrontal Cortex

Self-regulatory processes, such as the ability to inhibit a behavior or cognitive flexibility, that enable adaptive responses to new situations or to reach a specific goal are called:

Executive Function

The term __________ refers to the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage.

Neuroplasticity

Learning new words by making connections between new words and concepts already known is called:

Fast-mapping

The expectations associated with being male or female are known as:

Gender role

Self-identification based on a continuum from male to female is known as:

Gender identity

The ability to focus on a single task or stimulus while ignoring distracting information is called:

Selective attention

Children between the ages of two and six years tend to gain about ________in weight each year.

3 to 5 pounds

Our evaluative judgment about who we are is called our:

Self-esteem

______________ is the behavior of attributing life-like qualities to objects.

Animism

___________ is the first stage of the memory system and stores sensory input in its raw form for a very brief duration, just long enough for the brain to register and start processing the information.

Sensory Memory

______________ is the tendency of young children not to be able to take the perspective of others, and instead the child thinks that everyone sees, thinks, and feels just as they do.

Ecocentrism

Children of ___________ parents may fear rather than respect their parents and may become aggressive toward peers.

Authoritarian

Delayed gratification involves:

The ability to hold out for a larger reward by forgoing a smaller immediate reward

Response inhibition involves:

The ability to stop a behavior that has already begun

According to your book, __________ have been found to cause autism.

Trick question!  According to your book, none of these things have been found to cause autism

The ______ hemisphere of the brain is heavily involved in spatial tasks.

Right

The National Sleep Foundation recommends that toddlers get _________ of sleep per night.

11-14

Our self-description according to various categories is called our:

Self-concept

__________ is the temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task.

Scaffolding

Children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness or femaleness.  These conceptions are known as:

Gender schemas

____________ is the repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, whether deliberate or accidental.

Enuresis

Children of ___________ parents are likely to do poorly in school and have poor relationships with peers.

Uninvolved

Baumrind’s parenting styles vary on the dimensions of:

Expectations and warmthControl and responsiveness

In Parten’s play classification system, __________ refers to random behavior without a specific goal.

Unoccupied play

The ability to think about other people’s thoughts is called:

Theory of mind

The _______ hemisphere of the brain is heavily involved in language tasks.

Left

A sign that a child is ready for toilet training is that they:

Stay dry for periods of two hours or longer during the day, Can understand and follow basic directions, and Complains about wet or dirty diapers

The tendency of children to generate theories to explain everything they encounter is called:

Theory-theory

______________ is the tendency of young children to focus on only one characteristic of an object to the exclusion of others.

Centration

In Piaget’s ___________ stage of development, children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas.

Preoperational

___________ is thought to be permanent.

Long-term memory

______________ refers to the ability to recognize that moving or rearranging matter does not change the quantity.

Conservation

____________ is the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places, whether deliberate or accidental.

Encopresis

___________ parents are supportive and show interest in their kids’ activities, but are not overbearing and allow them to make constructive mistakes.

Authoritative

A child is in the zone of proximal development when:

They can almost perform a task, but not quite on their own without assistance

Children of ___________ parents often fail to learn self-discipline and may feel somewhat insecure because they do not know the limits.

Permissive

___________ parents are disengaged from their children. They do not make demands on their children and are non-responsive.

Uninvolved

The distress accompanying a mismatch between one’s gender identity and biological sex is known as:

Gender dysphoria

When we say that a memory is “declarative” or “explicit”, we mean that:

It is a memory for facts or events that we can consciously recollect

In Parten’s play classification system, __________ occurs when children interact with each other and share toys, but are not working toward a common goal.

Associative play

When we say that a memory is “non-declarative” or “implicit”, we mean that:

It is highly automated and does not require conscious recollection

Remembering the definition of “declarative memory” is an example of:

Declarative and semantic memory

During the “vocabulary spurt”, children learn about __________ new words per week.

10-20

Children’s early drawings of people are described using which term?

Tadpoles

Children of ___________ parents tend to have greater self-confidence and competence as a result of their parents’ high but reasonable expectations.

Authoritative

The formula of “mental age ÷ chronological age × 100” is one way to calculate someone’s: IQ Score

The detailed examination of beliefs, courses of action, and evidence is called: Critical Thinking

A test that is ___________ actually measures what it is supposed to measure (for example, a test designed to measure intelligence actually measures intelligence and not socioeconomic status). Valid

During the concrete operational stage, children develop the understanding that objects have qualities that do not change even if the object is altered in some way.  This is called: Identity

Popular children can be subcategorized into two types.  Popular-_________ children may gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others. Antisocial

A child in the concrete operational stage will best be able to solve problems that are: Tied to their own experience

Viewing problems in new and different ways is called: Imaginative Thinking

Parents who have higher levels of income, occupational status, and other qualities favored in society have __________, which is a form of power that can be used to improve a child's education. Family Capital

Children may not always benefit from memory strategies.  A ________ deficiency occurs when the child does not spontaneously use a memory strategy, and has to be prompted to do so. Production

Selman outlines five stages of friendship from early childhood through to adulthood. In stage 2, called “fair-weather cooperation”, a friend is: Someone who returns a favor

__________ is a logical process in which multiple premises believed to be true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion. Inductive Reasoning

Bigelow and La Gaipa described three stages in children’s friendships.  In the _________ stage, friendship focuses on mutual activities. Reward-cost

A good home environment is one in which: The child's physical, cognitive, emotional, and social needs are adequately met

The most common fluency disorder is: Stuttering

The goal of the first intelligence test was to: Identify children who would not be successful with the regular school curriculum

Unwanted, aggressive behavior that involves a real or perceived power imbalance is called: Bullying

In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the ability to demonstrate common sense and “street smarts” is called: Practical Intelligence

Sociometric assessment techniques for measuring popularity ask children to name peers they like and peers they don’t like.  Children who are mentioned frequently in each category would be classified as: Controversial

Bigelow and La Gaipa described three stages in children’s friendships.  In the _________ stage, children describe a friend as someone who is kind and shares with you. Normative expectation

A test that is ___________ provides consistent results over time. Reliable

During the concrete operational stage, children develop the ability to arrange items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight, in a methodical way.  This is called: Seriation

Children may not always benefit from memory strategies.  A ________ deficiency occurs when the child uses an appropriate strategy, but it fails to aid their performance. Utilization

____________ are used to measure what a child has already learned and are often the basis for measuring school quality for initiatives like the No Child Left Behind Act. Achievement Tests

The knowledge we have about our own thinking and our ability to use this awareness to regulate our own cognitive processes is called: Metacognition

In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the ability to adapt to new situations and create new ideas is called: Creative Intelligence

In Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, ______________ intelligence is described as the ability to move the body in sports, dance, or other physical activities. Kinesthetic

The age at which a person is performing intellectually is called that person’s ________ age. Mental

Children may not always benefit from memory strategies.  A ________ deficiency occurs when the child does not understand the strategy being taught, and thus, does not benefit from its use. Mediation

__________, a type of learning disability, involves having difficulty with writing. Dysgraphia

Cyberbullying is particularly difficult to address because it: May be difficult to trace or delete, Can occur any time of day and without being in the presence of others, and can be posted anonymously and distributed quickly

Taking on projects for interest instead of money is called : Intrinsic Interest

In Kohlberg’s theory of morality, a person who reasons about right and wrong based on self-interest (such as getting rewards and avoiding punishment) is using __________ morality. Preconventional

Rejected children can be subcategorized into two types.  Rejected-_________ children are shy and withdrawn and are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate. Withdrawn

Sociometric assessment techniques for measuring popularity ask children to name peers they like and peers they don’t like.  Children who receive a few positive votes with very few negative ones would be classified as: Average

__________, a type of learning disability, involves having difficulty in the area of mathematics. Dyscalculia

Rejected children can be subcategorized into two types.  Rejected-_________ children are ostracized because they are antagonistic, loud, and confrontational, possibly as a way of acting out insecurities. Aggressive

__________ disorders affect the rate of speech. Fluency

In Kohlberg’s theory of morality, a person whose moral reasoning is based on care for others and being a good member of society is using __________ morality. Conventional

Sociometric assessment techniques for measuring popularity ask children to name peers they like and peers they don’t like.  Children who receive many votes in the “like” category, and very few in the “do not like” category would be classified as: Popular

According to your textbook, __________ are people who score low on intelligence tests overall but who nevertheless may have exceptional skills in a given domain. Autistic Savants

__________ disorders affect the ability to correctly produce speech sounds. Articulation

Selman outlines five stages of friendship from early childhood through to adulthood. In stage 1, called “one-way assistance”, a friend is: Someone who does nice things for you

__________ is a specific impairment of academic learning that interferes with a specific aspect of schoolwork and reduces a student's academic performance significantly. A learning disability

Someone with an IQ score below 70 is likely to be diagnosed with: Intellectual Disability

__________ disorders affect the ability to produce speech sounds with appropriate pitch and loudness. Voice

The relationship of height to weight is expressed in a measure called the: Body Mass Index

Popular children can be subcategorized into two types.  Popular-_________ children are nice and have good social skills, and they are generally cooperative and do well in school. Prosocial

A _____________ is a tendency to act in such a way as to make what you predict will happen actually come true. Self-fulfilling prophecy

An intelligence test that is ___________ has been given to a large number of people at different ages and each age level’s average score on the test has been computed to see how these people typically perform. Standardized

______ is the belief that you are capable of carrying out a specific task or of reaching a specific goal. Self-efficacy

During the concrete operational stage, children no longer focus on only one dimension of any object and instead consider the changes in other dimensions too.  This is called: Decentration

The formula of “mental age ÷ chronological age × 100” is one way to calculate someone’s:

IQ Score

The detailed examination of beliefs, courses of action, and evidence is called:

Critical Thinking

A test that is ___________ actually measures what it is supposed to measure (for example, a test designed to measure intelligence actually measures intelligence and not socioeconomic status).

Valid

During the concrete operational stage, children develop the understanding that objects have qualities that do not change even if the object is altered in some way.  This is called:

Identity

Popular children can be subcategorized into two types.  Popular-_________ children may gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others.

Antisocial

A child in the concrete operational stage will best be able to solve problems that are:

Tied to their own experience

Viewing problems in new and different ways is called:

Imaginative Thinking

Parents who have higher levels of income, occupational status, and other qualities favored in society have __________, which is a form of power that can be used to improve a child's education.

Family Capital

Children may not always benefit from memory strategies.  A ________ deficiency occurs when the child does not spontaneously use a memory strategy, and has to be prompted to do so.

Production

Selman outlines five stages of friendship from early childhood through to adulthood. In stage 2, called “fair-weather cooperation”, a friend is:

Someone who returns a favor

__________ is a logical process in which multiple premises believed to be true are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.

Inductive Reasoning

Bigelow and La Gaipa described three stages in children’s friendships.  In the _________ stage, friendship focuses on mutual activities.

Reward-cost

A good home environment is one in which:

The child's physical, cognitive, emotional, and social needs are adequately met

The most common fluency disorder is:

Stuttering

The goal of the first intelligence test was to:

Identify children who would not be successful with the regular school curriculum

Unwanted, aggressive behavior that involves a real or perceived power imbalance is called:

Bullying

In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the ability to demonstrate common sense and “street smarts” is called:

Practical Intelligence

Sociometric assessment techniques for measuring popularity ask children to name peers they like and peers they don’t like.  Children who are mentioned frequently in each category would be classified as:

Controversial

Bigelow and La Gaipa described three stages in children’s friendships.  In the _________ stage, children describe a friend as someone who is kind and shares with you.

Normative expectation

A test that is ___________ provides consistent results over time.

Reliable

During the concrete operational stage, children develop the ability to arrange items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight, in a methodical way.  This is called:

Seriation

Children may not always benefit from memory strategies.  A ________ deficiency occurs when the child uses an appropriate strategy, but it fails to aid their performance.

Utilization

____________ are used to measure what a child has already learned and are often the basis for measuring school quality for initiatives like the No Child Left Behind Act.

Achievement Tests

The knowledge we have about our own thinking and our ability to use this awareness to regulate our own cognitive processes is called:

Metacognition

In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, the ability to adapt to new situations and create new ideas is called:

Creative Intelligence

In Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, ______________ intelligence is described as the ability to move the body in sports, dance, or other physical activities.

Kinesthetic

The age at which a person is performing intellectually is called that person’s ________ age.

Mental

Children may not always benefit from memory strategies.  A ________ deficiency occurs when the child does not understand the strategy being taught, and thus, does not benefit from its use.

Mediation

__________, a type of learning disability, involves having difficulty with writing.

Dysgraphia

Cyberbullying is particularly difficult to address because it:

May be difficult to trace or delete, Can occur any time of day and without being in the presence of others, and can be posted anonymously and distributed quickly

Taking on projects for interest instead of money is called :

Intrinsic Interest

In Kohlberg’s theory of morality, a person who reasons about right and wrong based on self-interest (such as getting rewards and avoiding punishment) is using __________ morality.

Preconventional

Rejected children can be subcategorized into two types.  Rejected-_________ children are shy and withdrawn and are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate.

Withdrawn

Sociometric assessment techniques for measuring popularity ask children to name peers they like and peers they don’t like.  Children who receive a few positive votes with very few negative ones would be classified as:

Average

__________, a type of learning disability, involves having difficulty in the area of mathematics.

Dyscalculia

Rejected children can be subcategorized into two types.  Rejected-_________ children are ostracized because they are antagonistic, loud, and confrontational, possibly as a way of acting out insecurities.

Aggressive

__________ disorders affect the rate of speech.

Fluency

In Kohlberg’s theory of morality, a person whose moral reasoning is based on care for others and being a good member of society is using __________ morality.

Conventional

Sociometric assessment techniques for measuring popularity ask children to name peers they like and peers they don’t like.  Children who receive many votes in the “like” category, and very few in the “do not like” category would be classified as:

Popular

According to your textbook, __________ are people who score low on intelligence tests overall but who nevertheless may have exceptional skills in a given domain.

Autistic Savants

__________ disorders affect the ability to correctly produce speech sounds.

Articulation

Selman outlines five stages of friendship from early childhood through to adulthood. In stage 1, called “one-way assistance”, a friend is:

Someone who does nice things for you

__________ is a specific impairment of academic learning that interferes with a specific aspect of schoolwork and reduces a student's academic performance significantly.

A learning disability

Someone with an IQ score below 70 is likely to be diagnosed with:

Intellectual Disability

__________ disorders affect the ability to produce speech sounds with appropriate pitch and loudness.

Voice

The relationship of height to weight is expressed in a measure called the:

Body Mass Index

Popular children can be subcategorized into two types.  Popular-_________ children are nice and have good social skills, and they are generally cooperative and do well in school.

Prosocial

A _____________ is a tendency to act in such a way as to make what you predict will happen actually come true.

Self-fulfilling prophecy