History study (Alphabetical order)

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US History

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176 Terms

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3/5's compromise
a compromise in which each enslaved person in a state would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purposes of legislative representation
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54th Massachusetts Regiment
an all African American unit led by Union Colonel Robert Gould Shaw during the Civil War
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Abigail Adams -
Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.
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Abolitionism
Movement to end slavery
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Abraham Lincoln
was born on a Kentucky farm. He was self-educated and became an attorney. He joined the Whig Party and was elected to serve in the Illinois state legislature. he ran an unsuccessful campaign against Stephen A. Douglas for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1858, during which he gained national acclaim for his performance in a series of debates and for his strong stance against the expansion of slavery. Though he lost the Senate race, he went on to become president in 1861. He led the country during the Civil War and was assassinated in April 1865
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Adams-Onis treaty
1819 treaty; Spain ceded Florida to the U.S.
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Advantages of the Patriots
- at their home
- having Washington
- had French on their side
- had a cause to fight
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Albany Plan of Union
Benjamin Franklin's 1754 proposal to form one government for a group of Britain's colonies in North America
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Alien and Sedition act
1798 laws that allowed the government to imprison or deport non-citizen immigrants, known as aliens, and to prosecute those who criticized the government.
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Anaconda Plan
a northern Civil War strategy to starve the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River
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Andrew Jackson
American military officer before serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate, seventh U.S. President from 1829 to 1837. Defended New Orleans as a general in the war of 1812. As President, he vetoed the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States, opposed the nullification issued in South Carolina, and initiated the spoils system.
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Anglicans
Belonged to church of England and came to America; "purified" version of Catholics
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Anne Hutchinson
was an American religious leader. She arrived in Massachusetts in 1634, where she held meetings in her home to boldly promote her idea that God's grace alone was the key to salvation. But the colony's leaders opposed preaching by a woman and considered many of her beliefs to be dangerous. In 1637, she was banished and later moved to Rhode Island and still later to Long Island Sound in present-day New York. In 1643, she and most her family were killed by American Indians
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Articles of Confederation
the original federal constitution drafted the Continental Congress
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Battle of Antietam
a 1862 Civil War battle in which 23,000 troops were killed or wounded in one day, won by the Union
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Battle of Saratoga
1777 Revolutionary War battle considered to be the turning point in the war because the Patriot win convinced the French to ally officially with the United States.
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Battle of Shiloh
a 1862 Civil War battle in southwestern Tennessee where the Union won a victory but nearly 25,000 Union and Confederate troops were killed or wounded
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Battle of Trenton
1776 Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey, won by the Continental Army
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Battle of Yorktown
A site in Virginia where, in 1781, General Cornwallis's British forces surrendered to General Washington
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Bicameral Legislature
a lawmaking body made up of two houses
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Bleeding Kansas
a term used to describe the violence between proslavery and antislavery supporters in Kansas from 1854 to 1856
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Blockade
a military tactic in which a navy prevents vessels from entering or leaving its enemy's ports
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Bonds
a certificate bought from the government that promises to pay the holder back the purchase amount plus interest at a future date; an IOU issued by a corporation or some level of government promising to pay back borrowed money with interest
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Border States
during the Civil war, a state that allowed slavery but remained in the Union: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri
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Boston Massacre
incident on March 5, 1770 where British soldiers killed 5 colonists
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British Advantages in the Revolution
- bigger army
- more weapon
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British w/ Natives
-higher level of violence
-justified taking native lands for religious and economic reasons
-favored segregation between themselves and natives
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Canals
man-made waterways
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Cash Crops
crop grown for sale
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Checks and balances
each branch of government can limit actions of other branches to protect against abuse of power
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Clara Barton
trained as a teacher but went on to serve as a nurse during the Civil War. Barton changed the role of women nurses by following men into battle and tending the wounded. In 1864, she was appointed the superintendent of nurses for the Army of the James. In 1865, she set up a bureau to help locate soldiers missing in action. In 1881, she organized the American Association of the Red Cross, which later became the American Red Cross
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Columbian Exchange
the global exchange of goods and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in 1492
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Columbus' voyages
-wanted to go to China to convert them to Christianity to use their wealth in the crusade
-ended up in the Bahamas
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Compromise of 1850
a political agreement that admitted California to the Union as a free state while permitting popular sovereignty in the territories and enacting a stricter fugitive slave law
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Confederate States of America
the government of 11 southern states that seceded from the United States and fought against the Union in the Civil war
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Conscription
the drafting of citizens into military service
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Constitutional Convention
meeting held in 1787 to create the constitution
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Contraband
supplies captured from an enemy during wartime
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Copperheads
a negative, or derogatory, term given to antiwar northern Democrats during the Civil War
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Crittenden Compromise
an 1861 proposed constitutional amendment that attempted to prevent secession of the southern states by allowing slavery in all territories south of the Missouri Compromise line
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Debt after Revolution
-Hamilton had a plan to consolidate the state debts into one national debt
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Declaration of Independence
document drawn up by the Second Continental Congress, and approved in 1776, that announced American independence and explained the reasons for it
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Dred Scott
was an African American man born into slavery who sued for freedom on the grounds that he had lived for a time in a state where slavery was prohibited. In Dred Scott v Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled against Scott, stating that his time in a free state did not nullify his status as an enslaved person, and that as such he was property and could not sue in the courts. Following the ruling, the sons of Scott's original enslaver purchased Scott and his wife and freed them both
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Effects of disease on Natives
killed them bcs they weren't used to them
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Emancipation Proclamation
a decree by President Lincoln that declared free all enslaved people living in Confederate states and territories still in rebellion against the Union on January 1, 1863
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Embargo
ban or restriction on trade
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Empires of West Africa
Ghana, Mali, Songhai
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Enlightenment
18th century movement inspired by European philosophers who believed in solving societal problems with reasoning and science
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Era of Good Feelings
time during Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity.
-desire for unity
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Federalism
division of power among federal and state governments
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Federalists plan for the constitution
strong national gov
-bill of rights in the constitution is unnecessary
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First Continental Congress
group of delegates representing all the American colonies, except Georgia, that met in 1774
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Fort Sumter
a federal fort located in Charleston, South Carolina, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired
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free soil party
an antislavery political party in the mid-1800s
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French and Indian War
War fought from 1754 to 1763 in which Britain and its colonies defeated France and its American Indian allies, gaining control of eastern North America
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French w/ natives
-lower levels of violence
-established trade
-favored intermarriage
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Fugitive Slave Act
a law that required all citizens to aid in apprehending people trying to escape slavery; a part of the Compromise of 1850
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General George B. McClellan
was a Pennsylvania soldier who attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and served in the Mexican War before returning to West Point to teach. During the Civil War, he first served in Ohio and then was appointed commander of the Army of the Potomac. His caution led to conflicts with President Lincoln, and several key defeats at Richmond and Antietam resulted in his removal from command
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General Ulysses S. Grant
was a Union General who later became the 18th president of the United States from 1869 - 1877. Grant won key victories along the Mississippi River, including at the Battle of Shiloh and the Battle of Vicksburg. He was appointed commander of all Union armies in March 1864, and led them to victory at Appomattox Court House, where he accepted General Lee's surrender on April 9, 1865
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George Pickett
was a soldier from Virginia who became a Confederate general during the Civil War. He is best known for leading a large contingent in what came to be known as Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863
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Gettysburg
the site of a Civil War battle fought on Union territory, July 1-3, 1863 resulting in a Union victory that forced Confederate forces to retreat to the South
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Gettysburg Address
a speech by President Lincoln in which he dedicated a national cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and reaffirmed the ideas for which the Union was fighting the Civil War; delivered November 19, 1863
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Gold Rush
the mass migration to California after the discovery of gold in 1884
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Great Awakening
a religious movement in the English colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that was heavily inspired by evangelical preachers
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Habeas Corpus
a constitutional guarantee that no one can be held in prison without charges being filed
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Harpers Ferry
a town in Virginia (now in West Virginia) where abolitionist John Brown raised a federal arsenal in 1859
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
was an American writer and abolitionist best known for her antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, published in 1852. She began writing her novel as a series of stories, which first appeared in the abolitionist newspaper National Era in 1851 - 1852
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Harriet Tubman
was born into slavery in Maryland. In 1849, she escaped and traveled to Philadelphia. She then became a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad, leading hundreds of enslaved people, including her parents and siblings, to freedom in the North
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Hartford convention
an 1814 meeting of Federalists from New England who opposed the War of 1812 and demanded constitutional amendments to empower the region
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Homestead Act
a 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years
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Impressment
act of seizing people or property for military or public service
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Income Tax
a tax that must be paid by individuals and corporations based on money earned
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Indentured Servants
an individual who agrees to work without wages for a period of time in exchange for transportation to the colonies
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Independence movement in 13 colonies
- By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain.
- The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence.
- The Revolutionary War was an insurrection by American Patriots in the 13 colonies to British rule, resulting in American independence.
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Indian Removal Act
An act passed by Congress in 1830 that allowed the federal government to negotiate land exchanges with the American Indians in the Southeast.
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Industrial Revolution
A shift from manual labor to mechanized work that began in Great Britain during the 1700s and spread to the United States around 1800s.
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Inflation
rising prices; general increase in prices
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Interchangeable parts
Identical components that can be used in place of one another.
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Intolerable Acts
American name for the Coercive Acts, which Parliament passed in 1774 to control the colonies
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Iroquois League
confederation made up of five Iroquois peoples: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas
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James Monroe
5th president, begins expansionism including Florida and Missouri, as well as reigning over the Era of Good Feelings
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James Oglethorp
Founded Georgia as a place for poor people of England to settle; some thought his leadership style bordered on dictatorship; banned slavery; Georgia eventually became one of 13 colonies
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Jefferson Davis
was a southern planter who became the President of the Confederate States of America. Born in Kentucky, he grew up on a plantation in Mississippi. He attended the U.S. Military Academy of West Point and went on to serve in the Black Hawk War and the Mexican War. Though he opposed secession, he resigned his seat in the U.S. Senate when Mississippi seceded. He was elected President and the Confederacy at the Confederate Convention and was inaugurated on February 18, 1861
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John Brown
was an American abolitionist best known for leading a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in 1859. During that raid, he and his co-conspirators were captured and later executed. Brown is remembered by some as a militant extremist and by others as a martyr in the cause against slavery
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John C. Breckinridge
was a Kentucky lawyer who served as the 14th vice president of the United States under President James Buchanan. In the election of 1860, he was the nominee of the Southern Democrats in a divided Democratic party. Breckinridge served as a Confederate officer during the Civil War, and later, as the Confederate secretary of war.
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John Marshall
The fourth Chief Justice of the United States. Served under George Washington in the Revolutionary War, including the winter at Valley Forge, held various law and political positions.
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John Smith w/ Natives
fine ig
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John Smith
was an English explorer and one of the leading promoters of English colonization in America. Smith helped to found the colony of Jamestown in 1607 and served as its leader from 1608 to 1609. His contributions also included creating detailed maps and descriptions of Virginia and New England
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John Wilkes Booth
was an American actor and Confederate sympathizer who shot and killed President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. Eleven days after he assassinated Lincoln, Booth was killed at a farm in Virginia
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John Winthrop
was a Puritan lawyer who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony after its founding in 1630. Winthrop's goal was to establish a pious Puritan state. Emphasizing group discipline and individual responsibility, Winthrop's colony thrived but his tolerance of new ideas led to discontent
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Joint-Stock Company
company run by a group of investors who share the companies profits and losses
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Judiciary act
a 1789 law that created the structure of the Supreme Court and set up a system of district courts and circuit courts for the nation
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
a 1854 law that divided the Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska, giving each territory the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery
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Know-Nothings
a political party of the 1850s, officially known as the American Party, that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant
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Land Grant College Act
a 1862 law that made money available to states to establish universities that taught agriculture and mechanical engineering
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
the 1804 expedition sent by President Jefferson to explore the newly-acquired Louisiana territory
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Lexington and Concord
first battles of the Revolutionary War
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Literacy in the early colonies
- new england colonies had higher literacy rates because they were puritans, which believed in the education system.
- education was determined by the social class of the family. the wealthier people got educated, while the poor did not, and the people that were educated or got to attend school were mostly men.
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minorities during the revolutionary war
African Americans - forced to leave their homes and become slaves, beaten and tortured
Native Americans - forced out of their land and homes, some forced to be slaves
Women - some would dress up as men and fight, become nurses for soldiers in the war
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Loyalists
colonists who remained loyal to the British during the Rev war