Final Exam

Test 1-3

the Kjedahl method measures the carbohydrate content of food. True or False

False

The Kjeldahl method is a method for determining the nitrogen content in organic compounds, particularly in protein. It is not used to measure the carbohydrate content of food.

Glycemic index can be modulated by the gut microbiome. true or false

true

Plant sterols can increase LDL-cholesterol levels in the blood. true or false

false

@@Bile acids are derived from cholesterol. true or false@@

true

lactose is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose. True or false

True

Dietary fiber does what

* escapes host digestion
* generates short chain fatty acids.
* promotes bile excretion.
* modulates gut microbes.

Hydrolysis of a triglyceride in the small intestine produces

monoglyceride

Function of the pancreas includes

release of glucagon into the blood

@@examples of a fermentable fiber@@

pectin.

Insulin is produced by the ______________

Pancreatic beta cells

Lipid content of a food can be obtained by

Proximate analysis

@@Triglycerides are hydrolyzed by the hormone sensitive lipase into what?@@

glycerol and fatty acids.

@@Phospholipids@@:

a. are a minor dietary source of fat in the diet

b. are not important energy substrates in the body

c. are components of the cell membrane

d. contain nitrogen

e. all of the above

The correct answer is:

all of the above

@@if the composition of a food is:@@

water: 50% by weight

alcohol: 10% by weight

protein: 10% by weight

carbohydrate: 30% by weight

what is the percentage of protein on an energy basis?

a. 2

b. 10

c. 17

d. 27

e. 47

The correct answer is c. 17.

To calculate the percentage of protein on an energy basis, we need to know the caloric content of each macronutrient.

* Water has 0 calories per gram
* Alcohol has 7 calories per gram
* Protein has 4 calories per gram
* Carbohydrate has 4 calories per gram

Using this information, we can calculate the percentage of protein on an energy basis as follows:

* Water: 50% x 0 calories = 0 calories
* Alcohol: 10% x 7 calories = 0.7 calories
* Protein: 10% x 4 calories = 0.4 calories
* Carbohydrate: 30% x 4 calories = 1.2 calories

Total calories = 0 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 1.2 = 2.3 calories

Percentage of protein on an energy basis = (0.4 calories / 2.3 calories) x 100% = 17.39%

Rounded to the nearest whole number, the answer is 17%.

The liver does what

converts glycogen to glucose

Insulin docks to insulin receptors in cells to promote ________________

Glucose uptake

which of the following amino acids are dietarily essential

a. proline

b. glutamine

c. lysine

d. glycine

e. alanine

Out of the given options, only **lysine** is a dietarily essential amino acid.

bile acids serve to emulsify lipids in the ____________________________

small intestine

Dietary fish oil intake

reduces triglycerides in the blood

@@The strongest dietary contributor in raising serum cholesterol is:@@

a. total fat intake

b. monounsaturated fat intake

c. saturated fat intake

d. polyunsaturated fat intake

e. cholesterol intake

The correct answer is **c. saturated fat intake**.

@@Lipoprotein lipase:@@

a. is activated in the fed state

b. converts VLDL to LDL

c. converts chylomicrons to chylomicron remnants

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

All of the above

@@Lipolysis is inhibited by:@@

a. glucagon

b. insulin

c. epinephrine

d. cortisol

e. none of the above

Answer:

b. insulin

Kwashiorkor is:

a. protein and calorie malnutrition

b. protein malnutrition

c. insulin resistance

d. excess exercise

e. none of the above

Answer:

b. protein malnutrition

@@22:6 triangle 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, & 19 is:@@

a. palmitic acid

b. an n-6 fatty acid

c. an n-9 fatty acid

d. an n-3 fatty acid

e. none of the above

N-3 fatty acid

Linoleic acid does what

* can be absorbed in the small intestine
* is an essential fatty acid
* can be converted into arachidonic acid

@@Cholesterol:@@

a. is the predominant source of lipid in the diet

b. can be converted into vitamin D

c. must be consumed in the diet

d. is found in some plant products

e. none of the above

Answer: can be converted to vitamin D

@@weight gain = 1g, protein intake = 2g. what is the PER@@

a. 1

b. 2

c. 5

d. 10

e. none of the above

The PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio) is calculated by dividing weight gain by protein intake. In this case, weight gain is 1g and protein intake is 2g, so the PER is 0.5. Therefore, the answer is "none of the above".

glucagon:

a. increases blood glucose levels

b. is converted to fructose

c. is the major storage form of glucose

d. increases in response to consumption of a meal

e. none of the above

Answer:

a. increases blood glucose levels

Biological Value (BV) represents:

N retained by N absorbed by

Exclusive breastfeeding

is recommended for the first 6 months of life

Marasmus malnutrition is caused by

protein and calorie malnutrition

@@excess dietary protein can:@@

a. enhance protein translation

b. can increase LDL cholesterol

c. promote thermogenesis

d. build muscle mass

e. increase urinary calcium loss

choose the correct answer and explain why

increase urinary calcium loss

Dietary protein allowance for adults in the population is

0\.8 g/kg/d

Partial hydrogenation:

a. lowers the glycemic index

b. promotes rancidity

c. can generate trans double bonds

d. enhances the absorption of lipids

e. all of the above

Can generate double bonds

what group has the highest daily amino acid requirement on a kg per body weight basis

infants

@@inadequate protein intake (when an essential amino acid is limiting):@@

a. is associated with increased caloric intake

b. decreases insulin levels

c. increases insulin levels

d. decreases the oxidation of the “indicator” essential amino acid

e. increases the oxidation of the "indicator" essential amino

Increases the oxidation of the indicator essential amino acid

high quality protein

a. elevates blood pressure

b. increases the NPU

c. reduces the risk of colon cancer risk

d. elevates glycemic index

e. none of the above

increases the NPU

NPU stands for Net Protein Utilization. It is a measure of the amount of protein from food that is actually utilized by the body for growth and maintenance. The correct answer to the question is b. increases the NPU.

the dietary protein requirement…

a. can be assessed by nitrogen balance

b. is the highest for football players

c. promotes bone growth

d. can be met by consuming amino acid supplements

e. none of the above

can be assessed by nitrogen balance

@@the major component of chylomicrons are?@@

The major component of chylomicrons is triglycerides.

there is experimental evidence that high fructose containing diets …

promote fatty liver disease

@@consumption of excess protein in the presence of adequate calories (energy) can result in which of the following?@@

a. enhanced oxidation of amino acids

b. enhancement of urea production

c. enhancement of deamination

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

The answer is **d. all of the above**. Consumption of excess protein in the presence of adequate calories can result in enhanced oxidation of amino acids, enhancement of urea production, and enhancement of deamination.

@@the consumption of high-quality protein in the presence of insufficient calories (energy):@@

a. increases the synthesis of peptide bonds

b. enhances bile production

c. enhances urea production

d. promotes the action of pancreatic lipase

e. all of the above

Answer: c. enhances urea production

protein quality can be enhanced by what?

protein complementation

a chylomicron is metabolized by _________________

Lipoprotein lipase

bile acids do what?

form emulsions

stored in the gallbladder

contain a sterol backbone

synthesized by the liver

which amino acid is not found in protein

taurine

@@enterohepatic circulation@@

a. can be modulated by dietary fiber

b. circulates triglyceride for reabsorption

c. processed VLDL

d. reduces body mass index

e. none of the above

can be modulated by dietary fiber

Explanation: Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of substances between the liver and small intestine. It involves the reabsorption of bile acids, which are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile acids aid in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats. While dietary fiber can affect the excretion of bile acids, it does not directly modulate enterohepatic circulation. Triglycerides are not typically involved in this process, nor is processed VLDL. There is no evidence to suggest that enterohepatic circulation has any significant impact on body mass index.

@@protein quality is determined by:@@

a. supply of the proper balance of amino acids

b. digestibility of proteins

c. is the highest in animal products

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

The answer is **d. all of the above**. Protein quality is determined by the supply of the proper balance of amino acids, the digestibility of proteins, and is the highest in animal products.

@@typically, 200 g of protein corresponds to ___ g of nitrogen:@@

a. 10g

b. 16g

c. 32g

d. 160g

e. none of the above

The answer is **b. 32**

@@the stomach cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides using:@@

a. trypsin and chymosin

b. elastase and collagenase

c. pepsin and HCl

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

The stomach cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides using pepsin and HCl. Therefore, the correct option is c.

Apolipoprotein B100 is a major constituent of

LDL

Dietary saturated fatty acid

Increases inflammatory gene expression

Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the

Liver

There are now RDAs/AIs for which macronutrient

Indispensable amino acids, library, essential fatty acids, carbohydrates

Secretin is produced by the cells in the

Small intestine

NADPH is needed to

Increase De Novo lipogenesis

Which enzyme is considered brush border enzymes

Sucrase, lipoprotein lipase, desaturase

Medium chain triglycerides are

Soluble in water, not packaged into chylomicrons, rapidly taken up by the living

Cholecystokinin is responsible for

Stimulating pancreatic enzymes secretion, increasing bicarbonate secretion, inhibiting gastric motility, and stimulating gallbladder contraction

If completely oxidized/metabolized, glucose is converted into

H2O plus CO2 plus ATP

Which metabolic process functions in the absence of oxygen

Glycolysis

The products of beta oxidation enter energy production at what point

TCA Krebs cycle

During catabolism pyruvate is converted into ________ which enters into the tca cylce

Acetyl CoA

Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis will produce ________ ATP

2

Digestion of proteins begins in the ________ while digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ________

Stomach, mouth

Zymogens

glucagon

bile acids

lingual lipase

alpha amylase

glucose

\
Each are located in the:

Pancreas

pancreas

liver

mouth

pancreas

liver

Match the following pathways with their function:

gluconeogenesis

beta oxidation

lactate

creatine

\
\
Synthesis of glucose

production of acetyl Coa

produced under anaerobic conditions

Important source of energy

The Pentose pathway Hexose monophosphate shunt generates NADH true or false

False

Relative to the fed state, blood levels of free fatty acids increase in starving stay true or false

True

Can acetyl CoA be used to synthesize ketone bodies?

Yes

RDAs are requirements for a specific individual true or false

False

Beta hydroxybutyrate spares protein by reducing its degradation

True

Where is pepsin produced

Pepsin is produced in the stomach.

Relative to the fed state, urinary ammonia increases in the starving state

True

The electron transport chain requires NADH to function true or false

True

Distinct/separate RDA values are listed for lactating women true or false

True

Protein can be broken down and converted into glucose true or false

True

When insufficient dietary calories are being ingested, dietary fat also known as triglyceride his primarily utilized to generate:

ATP

Warburg affect describes:

The enhanced uptake of glucose also known as aerobic glycolysis, the enhanced production of lactate, the lower use of oxidative phosphorylation, metabolic switch in cancer

The electron transport chain produces what

ATP

Absorption is the uptake of _______ across the small intestine

substances

The major news source of fuel used by the brain during the starving state is what

Ketone bodies

The tricarboxylic acid cycle occurs in the what

Mitochondria

The inhibition of intestinal acyl CoA: monoacyglycerol acyl transferase (mogat2)

Decreases obesity

A major use of glycerol is to:

Solubilized food particles

Under anaerobic conditions, an important function of the liver is to convert lactic acid into what

Glucose

Short chain fatty acids

Are produced in the lumen of the colon, are produced in an anaerobic environment, our fermentation products, are derived from dietary fiber

Ketone bodies:

Reduce the breakdown of proteins, are readily taken up by the brain, and are synthesized that high levels during starvation

The new dietary guideline for protein is set at this percentage of caloric intake

10-35

Carnitine is utilized to do what

It is used to shut up fatty acids into the mitochondria

Ketogenic diet contain what

Ketone bodies

Under anaerobic conditions, skeletal muscle utilizes this a substrate for energy

Glucose

When calories are in excess, excess dietary protein primarily is used to do what

Excess dietary protein is used to synthesize triglycerides

The primary source of blood glucose during the first few hours of fasting is derived from where

Liver glycogen

Acetyl CoA can:

Increase ATP production, modulate nuclear transcription, and increase NADH production

The pyloric sphincter regulates what?

The pyloric sphincter regulates the passage of food out of the stomach and into the small intestine

Chief cells are responsible for secreting ______

Endo peptidase also known as pepsin

The major function of the exocrine pancreas is to produce what

Is to produce hydrolytic enzymes

Dietary fructose is Lipo genic because it does what

Bypasses a key rate limiting step in glycolysis in the liver

The respiratory quotient indicates what

It indicates which nutrient is being oxidized as the primary energy source