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atom

unit of matter that makes up a chemical element, contains a nucleus (with protons and neutrons) and electrons in shells orbiting around the nucleus

molecule

a combination of two or more atoms that share electrons

compound

composed of 2 or more separate elements

cell

basic structural and functional unit of an element; the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life

tissue

a group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function

organ

a structure composed of two or more kinds of tissues with a specific function and usually a recognizable shape

organ system

an association of organs that have a common function

organism

a total living form; one individual

anatomy

the study of the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other

physiology

science that deals with the functions of an organism or its parts

anatomical position

a position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the body is erect, the head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor

superior

toward the head or upper part of a structure

inferior

away from the head or toward the lower part of the structure

anterior

nearer to or at the front of the body

posterior

nearer to or at the back of the body

medial

nearer to the midline

lateral

farther from the midline

proximal

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

distal

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure

supine

body lying face up

prone

body lying face down

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body as another structure

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

superficial

toward or on the surface of the body

deep

away from the surface of the body

ventral

front or anterior on human; usually used for animals (relating to the underside (belly) of an animal)

dorsal

back or posterior on humans; usually used for animals (relating to the back of an animal)

sagittal

a plane that divides the body or organ into left and right portions. Can be midsagittal (equal divisions) or parasagittal (unequal divisions)

parasagittal

a vertical plane that does not pass through the midline and that divides the body or organs into UNEQUAL left and right portions

midsagittal

a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body that divides the body or organs into EQUAL left and right sides. Also called a median plane

transverse

a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. Also called a cross-sectional or horizontal plane

frontal/ coronal

a plane at a right angle to the midsagittal plane that divides the body or organs into anterior and posterior portions. Also called a coronal plane

homeostasis

the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment produced by the interplay of all of the body's regulatory processes

feedback system

cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, and reevaluated

stimulus

any stress that changes a controlled condition; any change in the internal or external environment that excites a sensory receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fiber

receptor

a specialized cell or a distal portion of a neuron that responds to a specific sensory modality, such as touch, pressure, cold, light, or sound, and converts it to an electrical signal (generator or receptor potential). A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognizes and binds a particular ligand.

control center

part of a feedback system that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, and generates output commands

negative feedback

a feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition

positive feedback

a feedback system that strengthens a change in one of the body's controlled conditions

pericardium

a loose-fitting membrane that encloses the heart, consisting of a superficial fibrous layer and a deep serous layer

peritoneum

the largest serous membrane of the body that lines the abominable cavity and covers the viscera within it

levels of structural organization of the human body

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level, organismal level

list the organ systems

integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic and immune system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system

list the basic life processes

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

catabolism

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

anabolism

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

metabolism

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

intracellular fluid

the fluid within the cells

extracellular fluid

the fluid outside the body cells

interstitial fluid

the extracellular fluid that fills the narrow spaces between the cells of tissues

List the components of the integumentary system

skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands

list the functions of the integumentary system

protects body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold, stores fat and provides insulation

list the components of the skeletal system

bones and joints, cartilages

list the functions of the skeletal system

supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids

list the components of the muscular system

skeletal muscle tissue

list the functions of the muscular system

participates in body movements, maintains posture, produces heat

list the components of the nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs like eyes and ears

list the functions of the nervous system

generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activity, detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

list the components of the endocrine system

hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes), hormone producing cells in several other organs

list the functions of the endocrine system

regulates body activities by releasing hormones

list the components of the cardiovascular system

blood, heart, blood vessels

list the functions of the cardiovascular system

heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

list the components of the lymphatic and immune system

lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, etc.)

list the functions of the lymphatic and immune system

returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

list the components of the respiratory system

lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

list the functions of the respiratory system

transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

list the components of the digestive system

organs of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs of digestion (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

list the functions of the digestive system

achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes

list the components of the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

list the functions of the urinary system

produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

list the components of the reproductive system

gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females). For women: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands. For men: epididymis, ductus (or vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis

list the body cavities

cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, thoracic cavity (split into pleural cavities, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum), abdominopelvic cavity (split into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity)

Atoms essential for maintaining life

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur

cellular level

molecules combine to form cells

types of tissue in the human body

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue

organs in the cranial cavity

brain

organs in the vertebral canal

spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

organs in the pleural cavity

a lung in each

organs in the thoracic cavity

lungs, heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, several large blood vessels, bronchi

list the organs in the pericardial cavity

heart

list the organs in the mediastinum

heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, several large blood vessels

list the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder, internal organs of reproduction

list the organs in the abdominal cavity

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

list the organs in the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

diaphragm

dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

visceral layer of the serous membrane

the layer that covers the organs

parietal layer of the serous membrane

the layer that clings to the wall of the cavities

name of the serous membrane around the lungs

pleura

name of the serous membrane around the heart

pericardium

name of the serous membrane in the abdominal cavity

peritoneum

viscera

organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

cephalic

head

cranial

skull

facial

face

frontal

forehead

temporal

temple

orbital

eye

ocular

eye

otic

ear

buccal

cheek