A&P LEC. EXAM 1

Anatomy lecture 1: Chapter One - Chapter Four

Which of the following molecular components of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane possesses a charged polar phosphate "head" and uncharged nonpolar fatty acid "tails"?

phospholipid

All of the following cells are considered "footloose," as they lack cellular junctions, EXCEPT __________.

epithelial cells

What type of solution is represented by the shrinking cell below?

hypertonic

What is the function of this organelle?

determination of proteins made by the cell

Which of the following cell structures are involved in propelling substances across cell surfaces?

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cilia

When does the cell have a built-in checkpoint before continuing through cellular division?

towards the end of G1 

This transport uses ATP directly to move solutes

Primary Active Transport

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide use this transport

Simple Diffusion

What type of important membrane molecule is represented below?

cholesterol

Which are considered anchoring junctions?

desmosomes

Identify the organelle

Mitochondrion

cyt-

cell

lys-

to break

phag-

to eat

pino-

to drink

kin-

to move

What is true of this organelle

destruction of cellular waste and debri

What is the function of this membrane protein?

cell-to-cell recognition

During this phase the nuclear membrane dissolves

Prophase

Simple diffusion is best described as substances __________.

moving passively down a concentration gradient

Vesicular transport is involved in all of the following transport processes EXCEPT __________.

solute pumps

Vesicular transport is involved in all of the following transport processes

transcytosis, exocytosis, endocytosis

This organelle produces spindles

Centriole

What is a possible function of this organelle?

reinforcement of cellular junctions

Which item below is NOT a function or role performed by proteins found in the plasma membrane?

synthesis of proteins

Which of the following is found in the cytoplasm and does not move across the plasma membrane?

protein anions

wat is true of this diagram

it is a nonspecific form of cellular endocytosis

In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align along the cell equator?

metaphase

what best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

a lipid bilayer with protein molecules dispersed within it

Ninety-six percent of body weight is made up of __________ elements.

4

A homogenous mixture of gases, liquids, or solids is referred to as a __________.

solution

The outermost energy shell of an atom is known as its __________.

valence shell

Ionic Bond 

Atoms are joined in a crystalline structure due to an attraction between oppositely charged atoms

Hydrogen Bond 

Temporary attraction between molecules with uneven charges.

Covalent Bond

 Valence electrons are shared between overlapping orbitals.

what is not a property of water

water is unable to control electrolyte or pH balance of the body

Enzymes are proteins that __________the rate of a chemical reaction by __________ the activation energy.

increase; lowering

lipids include

Fatty acids and glycerol

nucleic acids include

nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

Carbohydrates include

Monosaccharides

Proteins include

Amino Acids

Which of the following is an inorganic chemical?

water

DNA

phospholipid

glucose

A. Water

How many valence electrons are found in a carbon atom?

4

Adenosine triphosphate is an example of which type of organic macromolecule?

nucleic acid

The sternal region of the body is _______________ to the inguinal region.

Superior

The cavity between articulating bones at most joints is known as the __________.

synovial cavity

Which of the following best illustrates the principle of complementarity?

the branching dendrites on a neuron allows multiple messages and connections within the nervous system to occur simultaneously

What does the Skeletal system do

providing a framework for the muscles to move, creation of blood cells, protection of body organs

What does the Skeletal system not do

secretion of hormones

What is the most complex level of organization in the human body?

muscle tissue

Which is an example of positive feedback?

labor contractions causing the release of oxytocin, which results in an increase in the quantity of labor contractions

The body cavity that houses the lungs is known as the __________cavity.

pleural

What two systems control all changes in the body by monitoring for homeostasis?

What two systems control all changes in the body by monitoring for homeostasis?

what is NOT one of the three components of homeostatic control systems?

positive feedback

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what is one of the three components of homeostatic control systems?

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the control center, the receptor, the effector

The spleen is an organ in the __________.

lymphatic system

What are the nessasry life funcitons

Maintaining Boundaries, Metabolism, Movement, Excretion, Responsiveness, Reproduction, Digestion, Growth

The body’s ability to provide nutrients to target tissues is a cooperative effort between which two body systems?

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digestive and cardiovascular

what is NOT the result of a negative feedback mechanism?

blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured

blood clotting when the lining of a blood vessel is injured

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divides the body in two equal left and right sides along the midline

The lower limbs are included in the _____________________ part of the body.

The lower limbs are included in the _____________________ part of the body.

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organelles are made of large_______ __and form the__ ____________

Macromolecules, the structure of cells

The vertebral cavity is part of the ________________________ cavity.

dorsal

The respiratory system contains the __________.

trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Anatomy

Study of the structure

Physiology

Study of the Function

Levels of Organization

Subatomic Particles, Atom, Molecules, Macromolecules, organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms

Chemical Levels of Organization

Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules

Integumentary sytem

Skin, Hair and Nails. Protect, Thermal Regulation

Muscular System

Skeletal Muscles, Movement and Generating Heat

Skeletal System

Move with muscular system, store minerals, create blood cells

Nervous Systems

Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves. Respond to stimuli and process information

Endocrine System

Glands. Secrete hormones, communicate, regulate process

Circulatory System

Heart, blood vesicles - Circulate Nutrients / waste

Lymphatic System

Lymphs, Glands, Vesicles. Circulates Nutruites / waste.

Respiratory system

Gas Exchange – oxygen and carbon dioxide, Breathing – movement of air.

Lungs, Throat, Nose

Digestive System

esophogus, intestines, stomach. breaks down food into nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Urinary System

Kidenys,  removes waste from your blood, in the form of urine.

Reproductive System

to produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring. To produce hormones.

Negative feedback

reduced issue; stops reaction.

Homeostatic Imbalance impacts

increase in disease, positive feedback may take over and worsen issues.

Most important chemical bonds for the body

Covalent, Ionic and Hydrogen

Ionic Bonding

Made up of atoms with charges. usually not including carbon, salts

Covalent Bonding

Atoms that share valence electrons, Electrons have no charge and can bond unevenly (polar)

Hydrogen Bonding

Technically not a bond, molecular attraction, temporary, adhesion

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes or stressors.

How homeostasis works to maintain equilibrium in human body

It involves sensors detecting changes, a control center receiving and processing information, and effectors taking action to restore balance.

Effectors

Effector: Structures or organs that respond to signals from the nervous system to restore balance in the body. They include muscles, glands, and other tissues.

Negative feedback

A regulatory mechanism that opposes a change in a system and helps maintain stability. It reduces the output or activity of a system in response to a stimulus, bringing it back to its set point.

Positive feedback

Positive feedback: A process that amplifies or increases the output or response of a system. It occurs when the output of a system enhances the initial stimulus, leading to a greater response.

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Midsagittal Plane

This plane divides the body into equal left and right halves. It runs vertically from the top of the head to the bottom of the feet, passing through the midline of the body.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into front and back sections.

Transverse plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Valence Electrons

The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, responsible for the chemical properties and bonding behavior of an element.

Losing an electron means the atom is ________ charge

Gaining

Gaining and electron means an atom is _______ charge

Losing

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are macronutrients that provide energy to the body. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Monosaccharide

A single (one ring) sugar molecule that cannot be further hydrolyzed into smaller sugars. It is the simplest form of carbohydrate and serves as the building block; glucose, fructose, and galactose.