Anatomy and Physiology

part of lec.1

Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body and its  parts

Physiology

the way a living organism or body part functions

Homeostasis

maintaining a stable equilibrium

normal anatomical  position

• Standing

• Facing forward

• Arms at side

• Palms facing up

Transverse

divides the  body into top and  bottom

Coronal / Frontal

divides the body into  front and back

Sagittal

divides body into L and R

Supine

lying face up

prone

lying on chest, face down

left/right lateral recumbent

lying on side

recovery position

left lateral recumbent, lying on left side

Trendelenburg(shock position)

Supine w/ legs elevated 6-12” above the  head

fowler’s

sitting upright, 90 degrees

semi-fowler’s

sitting 45 degrees

tripoding

bent over with hands on knees

superior

closer to head

inferior

closer to feet

anterior/ventral

towards the front

posterior/dorsal

towards the back

medial

closer to midline

lateral

farther from midline

bilateral

both sides of midline

distal

farther from core

proximal

closer to core

superficial

towards the surface

deep

farther from surface

flexion

decreasing the angle at a joint(flexing)

extension

increasing angle at a joint (extending)

Adduction

moving toward the midline

abduction

moving away from the midline

thoracic

lungs, trachea heart, great vessels

right upper quadrant

liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas

left upper quadrant

spleen, most of stomach, pancreas

right lower quadrant

appendix

left lower quadrant

small/large intestine(in other quadrants as well)

retroperitoneal

kidneys, descending aorta, inferior vena cava

pelvic

reproductive organs, bladder

Functions of skeletal system

support, structure, movement, production of RBC, mineral storage, contain ligaments and tendon

Ligaments

connect bone to bone

tendones

connect muscle to bone

axial skeleton

bones in your head, neck, back, and chest

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower extremities, pelvis down

Cranial bones

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal (FPOT)

Maxilla

upper jaw bone

mandible

lower jaw bone

zygomatic

cheekbone

foramen magnum

opening at base of skull where brain connects to spinal cord

Spinal Column

33 vertebrae that protects spinal cord( cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccx)

Number of vertebrae in Cervix

7

Number of vertebrae in Thoracic

12

Number of vertebrae in Lumbar

5

Number of vertebrae in Sacrum

5(fused)

Number of vertebrae in Coccyx

4(fused)what

what vertebrae supports and allow movement of skull?

C1, C2

Which Vertebrae which protect the phrenic nerve and “keep the diaphragm alive”?

C3,4,5

Ribcage

12 pairs of ribs, sternum

True ribs

1-7: connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilage

False Ribs

8-10: connect indirectly to sternum through 7th rib by cartilage

Floating ribs

11-12: do not connect to sternum, only spine

Shoulder

^{Clavicle, Scapula (shoulder blade), Humerus}

Arm

^{Humerus, Radius (lateral), Ulna (medial)}

Hand

^{Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges}

Pelvic Bones(fused)

Illium, Ischium, Pubis

Leg bones

Femur, Patella, Tibia (anterior) / Fibula  (lateral)

Foot

Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary, attached to skeleton

cardiac muscle

 striated, involuntary, within the walls of the heart

Smooth muscle

involuntary, in walls of blood vessels and hollow organs, ie. sphincters, vasoconstriction/dilation

Upper Airway

• Oro/nasopharynx

• Pharynx

• Epiglottis

• Larynx

Lower Airway

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

• Capillaries

pathway of blood through the heart

• Superior/Inferior Vena Cava

• R Atrium

• Tricuspid Valve

• R Ventricle

• Pulmonary Valve

• Pulmonary Artery

• Lungs

• Pulmonary Vein

• L atrium

• Mitral / Bicuspid Valve

• L Ventricle

• Aortic Valve

• Aorta (to systemic circulation)

Pathway of blood through  the body

• Heart (aorta)

• Arteries

• Arterioles

• Capillaries

• Venules

• Veins

• Heart (vena cavae)

Arteries

Carry blood away from  the heart, thick muscular walls,  operate at a higher pressure

Veins

Carry blood towards the  heart, less muscular walls, operate  a lower pressure, contain valves to  prevent backflow

Capillaries

delivers blood to/from  tissues/cells, thin walls, 1 cell thick

Systolic

The pressure against  the walls of the arteries as the  left ventricle contracts (top#)

Diastolic

The pressure against  the walls of the arteries as the  left ventricle is relaxed (bottom#)

Pathway through the GI tract

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Epiglottis

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small Intestine

• Large Intestine

• Rectum

• Anus

Liver

produce bile, lipoproteins  for cholesterol, Metabolizes food, Detoxifies blood, Stores vitamins/nutrients 

Gallbladder

store bile, secrete it into small intestine

Pancreas

produce  enzymes, secrete hormones, blood glucose levels

Integumentary system

Consists of skin, its appendages (i.e. hair,  nails)

Epidermis

outer layer, functions as  a barrier

Dermis

middle layer, contains  blood vessels, nerve endings, hair  follicles, sweat and sebaceous  glands

Subcutaneous

deepest layer,  contains blood vessels, fat for  insulation

Central Nervous  System

Brain, spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory (afferent)  nerves, Motor (efferent) nerves

Sensory (afferent) nerves

Carry info from the body towards the brain

Motor (efferent) nerves

Carry info away from the brain to the body

Hormone

chemical messengers that act on a particular organ(s)  to stimulate a response

Gland

a group of cells that produce and secrete hormones

Hypothalamus Gland

satiety, metabolism, body temp, growth

Pituitary Gland

“master gland”, makes hormones that control other gland

Thyroid Gland

metabolism

Parathyroid Gland

blood calcium levels

Adrenal Gland

salt/water balance, stress response, metabolism, immune system, sexual development

Pineal Gland

sleep

Reproductive glands (ovaries & testes)

sexual development

Urinary system Consists of

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Kidneys

retroperitoneal; filter blood,  removes wastes, maintain electrolyte  and fluid balance, generates urine