CHN 3RD YEAR PRELIMS

CHN CONCEPT According to Jacobson:

It is a learned practice discipline with the ultimate goal of contributing to the promotion of the client's OLOF

CHN CONCEPT According to WHO

It is a special field of nursing that combines the skills of nursing, public health and some phases of social assistance and functions for the promotion of health,

CHN CONCEPT According to ANA

"The synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice applied to promoting and preserving the health of the populations."

Philosophy

- is defined as "a system of beliefs that provides a basis for and guides action."

the philosophy of CHN according to Margaret Shetland

Based on the worth and dignity of a man.

Principles of CHN by Mary S. Gardner and Cobb/Jones Leahy

the family is the unit of service.

Features of CHN

Preventive Approach to health, is developmental in nature

Different Fields of CHN

considered broader and more general specialty area that encompasses subspecialties

Public Health Nursing

Seen as a subspecialty nursing practice generally delivered within "official" or government agencies.

School Health Nursing

Aims to promote the health of school personnel and pupil / students. It aims to prevent health problems that could hinder students learning and performance

Legal Basis for school health nursing

Republic Act 124 mandates that all schools are to provide school clinics for the treatment of minor ailments and emergency cases

Eight Components of School Health Services are

Health Education, Physical Education Health Services, Nutrition Services, Counselling, psychological and social services Healthy School Environment, Health Promotion for Staff. Lastly, the Family & Community Involvement

Health Assessment

Done once a year. Priority should be given to Grade I enrollee

Rapid Classroom Inspection

It should be done after a long vacation, between health examination, or when there is an impending or actual epidemic;

Vision Testing

Test for visual acuity should be done once a yr, preferably at the beginning of school year

Height and Weight Measurement

a) Measurement of height, weight is done at beginning & end of school year. b) Pupils who are recipients of rehabilitative supplementary feeding program should be weighted every quarter.

Occupational Health Nursing

As defined by American Association of Occupational Health Nurses (AACHN) as a specialty practice that focuses on promotion, prevention and restoration of health within the context of a safe and healthy environment, It includes the prevention of adverse health effects from environmental hazards.

Community Mental Health Nursing

Unique clinical process that includes concepts of nursing, mental health, social psychology and community networks including social sciences. Focus is on the Mental Health Promotion.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

Developed in the 1958 by group of U.S. Public Health Service social psychologists. Believed that individual must know what to do and how to do it before they can take action

Perceived Susceptibility

One's belief regarding the chance of getting a given condition

Perceived Severity

One's belief regarding the seriousness of a given condition

Perceived Benefits

One's belief in the ability of an advised action to reduce the health risk or seriousness of a given condition

Perceived Barriers

One's belief regarding the tangible and psychological costs of an advised action

Cues to Action

Strategies or conditions in one's environment that activate readiness to take action

Self-efficacy

One's confidence in one's ability to take action to reduce health risks

Milio's Framework for Prevention

Nancy Milio (1976) provides complement to the HBMs.

Nole Pender's Health Promotion (HPM)

Developed in 1980's and revised in 1996. Explores many biophysical factors that influence individuals to pursue health promotion activities but does not includes threat as a motivator.

Pender's model focuses on three categories

Individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes

Prior related behavior

This influence subsequent behavior through perceived self-efficacy

Personal Factors

This are Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural in Nature

Perceived Benefits of Action

These are strong motivators through intrinsic and extrinsic benefits.

Perceived Barriers to Action

Are perceived unavailability, inconvenience, expense, difficulty or time regarding health behaviors

Perceived Self-efficacy

Is one's belief that he or she is capable of carrying out behavior

Activity-related affect

Feeling associated with behavior likely affect individual to repeat/maintain behavior.

Interpersonal Influences (family, peers, provident), Norms, Support, Model

These are feelings or thoughts regarding the beliefs or attitudes of others.

Situational influences (Options, Demand characteristics, Aesthetics)

These are perceived options available, demand characteristics and aesthetics features of the environment where the behavior will take place.

Commitment to a plan of action

This initiates a behavioral event

Immediate competing demands (low controls) & preferences (high control)

These are alternative behavior Immediately prior to engaging in the intended, planned behavior

Health promoting behavior

Goal/ outcome

PRECEDE - PROCEED Model

Developed by Dr. Lawrence Green and colleagues. PRECEDE which stands for Predisposing, Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation, is used for community diagnosis. PROCEED, an acronym for Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development, is a model for implementing and evaluating health programs based on PRECEDE.

Aggregate

is literally defined as the sum or the whole.

Community

is a part of that whole.

Geopolitical Community

is a community with defined geographical and jurisdictional boundaries, such as rural municipalities, towns or city communities. A is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.

Phenomenological Community

A phenomenological community is said to be a group of people who are defined by sharing values, customs, interests, religion or academic interests.

Community

a group of people with common characteristics or interests living together within territory or geographical boundary

Types of Community

• Geopolitical community - territorial ex. School, Phenomenological community - functional ex. Barangay

Characteristic of Healthy Community

Adapted from Hunt, 1997 and Duhl, 2002, • Shared sense of being a community based on history and values, General feeling of empowerment and control over matters affecting the community as a whole

Community has 3 features.

It includes population, location and social systems. these are factors affecting the community

Characteristics of the People / Population

Population size and density influences the number and size of health care institutions

Location of the Community

Health of community is affected by both natural and manmade variables related to location. Geography plays an important role in disasters

Social Systems within the community

Social system is the patterned series of interrelationships existing between individuals, groups and institutions and forming a coherent whole

Roles and activities of community health nurse and its subspecialty

Clinician / care provider, Advocate, Researcher, Leader, Educator, Manager, Collaborator

Surveillance

Describes and monitor health events

Disease & other health investigation

Systematically gathers & analyzes data regarding threats, ascertain source, what to do & how services can be obtained.

Outreach

Locates populations & provides information about the nature of concern, what can be done & how services can be obtained

Screening

Identifies unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions

Case finding

Locates those with identified risk factors & connects them with resources

Referral and follow - up

Assist to identify & access necessary resources to prevent or resolve problems

Case Management

Optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals & families & capacity of community

Delegated functions

Direct health task that are carried out

Health teaching

Communicates facts, ideas and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors & practices

Counselling

Establishes an interpersonal relationship with an intention of increasing / enhancing capacity for self - care.

Consultation

Seeks information & generates optional solution

Collaboration

Commits two or more persons to achieve a common goal

Coalition building

Promotes & develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for common purpose

Community organizing

Helps community groups identify common problems, mobilize resources & develop/ implement strategies to realize goal collectively

Philippine Health Situation

Information on the health status of the nation as a whole gives us an idea of the health status in the communities where we are assigned as community / public health nurses

Demographics

The population provides an understanding of the health status of populations.

Aggregate

is literally defined as the sum or the whole.

Community

is a part of that whole.

Department of Health

The Department of Health (DOH) is the country's principal health agency. It is responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services through the provision of quality healthcare and the regulation of providers of health goods and services.

Geopolitical Community is a community with defined geographical and jurisdictional boundaries, such as rural municipalities, towns or city communities. A is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.

Phenomenological Community

A group of people who are defined by sharing values, customs, interests, religion or academic interests. It is a phenomenological community because members share common beliefs and interests allocates them to the place where enumerated— normally where they spend the night of the day enumerated.

Philippine Statistics Authority

abbreviated as PSA, is the central statistical authority of the Philippine government that collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes statistical information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs and general affairs of the people of the Philippines and enforces the civil registration functions in the country.

World Health Organization

The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment

Demography

Literally translated from the Greek, 'demography' means 'description of the people'

Demography (Duncan & Hauser 1972)

"Demography is the study of the size, territorial distribution, and composition of population, changes therein."

Population size

Refers to the number of people in a given place at a given time. Characteristics of population as to age, sex, occupation or educational level is Population Composition. Distribution is the specific geographic location.

Population

Demography uses a series of mathematical tools to investigate how populations respond to changes.

Components of Population growth

The age and sex composition of a population affects its social life in many ways

Sources of Demographic Data

Census is usually conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country.

Sample Survey

is data gathered from small number of people proportionate to the general population

Registration System

deals of recordings of vital events

Natural increase

defined as the difference between live births and deaths in a specified period of time

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

a statistic calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate of a given region in a specified period of time. This rate gives the public health nurse an idea of how a certain country's population is growing.

Absolute Increase per year

measures the number of people that are added to the population per year

Relative Increase

is the actual differences between the two census counts expressed in percent relative to the population size made

pulation Composition

Sex composition

of the human population is one of the basic demographic characteristics, which is extremely vital for any meaningful demographic analysis.

Age distribution

also called Age Composition, in population studies, the proportionate numbers of persons in successive age categories in a given population. A population with persistently high fertility, for instance, has a large proportion of children and a small proportion of aged persons.

Median age

is the age that divides a population into two numerically equally sized groups - that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population.

Dependency ratio

is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the dependent part ages 0 to 14 and 65+) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part ages 15 to 64). It is used to measure the pressure on the productive population.

Age and Sex Composition

The composition of population according to age and/or sex is known as the age and sex structure. Age composition may be summarized in terms of age groups (e.g., 0-15 years, 15- 64 years and 65 or above).

Population pyramid

the size of the population under investigation is depicted on the horizontal axis, and age is aligned on the vertical axis.

Population Distribution

means the pattern of where people live. It denotes the spatial pattern due to dispersal of population, formation of agglomeration and linear spread.

Urban - Rural Distribution

illustrates the proportion of the people living in urban compared to the rural areas.

Crowding Index

is an alternative measure of household crowding. It is defined as the number of usual residents in a dwelling divided by the number of rooms in the dwelling.

Population density

is calculated as population divided by total land area. It is the people per sq. km of land area.

Census

A is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.

De Facto Census

allocates them to the place where enumerated—normally where they spend the night of the day enumerated.