Italy Noun Check

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liberal monarchy

weak, long term factor behind emergence of Mussolini as fascist dictator

latifundia

large farming estates, owned by small minority of wealthy landowner, in south

agrari

wealthy landowners, rented out land to poorer farmers and peasant sharecroppers

Fiat

car company, established in 1899, exported many cars, towns and cities in north grew rapidly, led to creation of large industrial working class, sizeable lower-middle class, and powerful class of rich industrialists and bankers

terra irredenta

'unredeemed land'; referred to the areas inhabited by many Italian speakers but ruled by Austria-Hungary; Trentino and Trieste; also designate other surrounding foreign territories to which Italy believed that it had a rightful claim

fasci

mixture of anarchy-syndicalists and national socialists who believed war would hasten revolution

conscription

during WW1, Italians ill equipped and ill supplied

attrition

process of wearing down enemy by sustained attacks, Italian army found itself fighting this costly war

mutilated victory

Italians felt cheated and humiliated, Gabriele D'Annunzio spoke for Italians, especially war veterans

socialist trade unions

during biennio rosso, membership of these groups increased and socialists began to seize control of many local governments; under Mussolini, workers lost independent trade unions and the right to strike

proportional representation

for the first time, elections were held using this system in November 1919

fascio

in election of November 1919, each of this could decide its own election manifesto

election manifesto

each local fascio could decide their own

manganelli

cudgels used to beat up opponents, used by action squads

creeping insurrection

according to historian Philip Morgan, ras became increasingly violent

carabinieri

police officers, Mussolini grew concerns because 12 of these managed to disperse over 500 fascists at Saranza, party couldn't impose law and order

Il Duce

the Leader; Benito Mussolini

applause squad

attended all of Mussolini's public appearances, whipped up 'enthusiasm' for Mussolini's speeches, sometimes even resorting to prompt cards

fuorusciti

exiles or escapees, anti fascist groups, ex: Rosselli brothers

liberetti di lavoro

special workbooks, part of attempt to restrict migration of rural workers to cities, had to be signed by local prefect before worker could move to new area

"second wave" of fascist revolution

Farinacci had to resign forcefully because he pushed for this; militant ras wanted this so they could replace state institutions with fascist ones

Benito Mussolini

fascist dictator; member of Arditi, tried to bring right wing groups together

Vittorio Orlando

Italian prime minister, went to Paris Peace Conference in January 1919 expecting to receive all that was promised in Treaty of London

Gabriel D'Annunzio

nationalist, spoke for many Italians, especially war veterans, when he said war was a mutilated victory

Giovanni Giolitti

leader of the liberals and government, believed workers were less dangerous inside factories than on streets and that militancy would soon decline, urged employers and landowners to make concessions, offered fascists an electoral alliance, an anti-socialist National Bloc, for national elections in May 1921, abandoned by Mussolini, managed to form a coalition with Popolari, collapsed

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

set up Arditi Association in Milan

Italo Balbo

powerful ras leader in Ferrara, right wing representative, said to have told Mussolini that ras would march on Rome and seize power with or without him, endorsed violence of action squads

Dino Grandi

powerful ras leader in Bologna, helped organize March on Rome, minister and high ranking member sacked by Mussolini

Luigi Facta

prime minister before Mussolini, persuafed king to declare state of emergency during March on Rome

DeVecchi

fascist commander, began to waver in March on Rome

Pius XI

new pope, did not support leader of Popolari, blessed fascists' banners

Roberto Farinacci

Local ras, endorsed the violence of action squads; party secretary, when Mussolini fell ill, he exercised power, launched campaign of squadristi violence against Socialist and Communist parties, forced resignation after he pushed for second wave of fascist violence

Victor Emmanuel III

king, refused to sign declaration of marital law because he couldn't depend on army's loyalty to him, Mussolini owed his success in October 1922 to him

Don Luigi Sturzo

Popolari leader, priest, forced to resign by pope

Giacomo Acerbo

under-secretary of state, outlined new electoral law that gave party/alliance that won most votes 2/3 of seats in parliament (Acerbo Law)

Amerigo Dumini

had office within ministry of interior, led Ceka

Giacomo Matteotti

Independent and much-respected socialist, leader of the United Socialist Party, condemned the fascist violence and corruption that occurred in the 1924 election; abducted and assumed to have been murdered by Dumini and his thugs under the orders of Mussolini

Galeazzo Ciano

Mussolini's son in law, took over running Minculpop, executed in Salo Republic by fascist extremists who rounded up those who planned Mussolini's overthrow

Achille Starace

party secretary in 1930, active in projecting image of Mussolini as hero, Turati's successor continued the expansion of the PNF until it became a massive party

Antonio Gramsci

leader of Communist Party of Italy, elected to Chamber of Deputies, set up newspaper L'Unita, called for united front to defeat fascism, arrested

Rosselli brothers

fuorusciti, carlo and Nello, established Giustizia e Liberta, murdered in France by Mussolini's orders

Ciano

ministers and high-ranking official of the fascist party sacked by Mussolini; plotted against Mussolini; criticized Mussolini's strategy in WWII, close ties with Germany, wanted the removal of Mussolini from power

Giuseppe Bottai

under-secretary of Ministry of Corporations, produced Charter of Labor; ministers and high-ranking official of the fascist party sacked by Mussolini; plotted against Mussolini; criticized Mussolini's strategy in WWII, close ties with Germany, wanted the removal of Mussolini from power

Carlo Scorza

new PNF secretary, wanted closer ties with Germany

Marshal Pietro Badoglio

replaced Mussolini after coup, announced Italy's surrender to Allies

Rudolf Rahn

German ambassador, made important decisions in Italian Social Republic

Karl Wolff

German general, made important decisions in Italian Social Republic

Alberto de Stefani

finance minister, followed cautious economic policies, led to drop in unemployment and improvement in living standards

Cardinal Casparri

senior Vatican official, made secret negotiations with fascists, resulted in three Lateran Agreements

Margherita Sarfatti

Mussolini's Jewish mistress

Giovanni Gentile

first fascist minister of education, wanted to continue traditional academic education

Augusto Turati

new party secretary of PNF, began purge of militant fascists, opened membership to people who merely wanted to further their career

Giovanni Giuriati

Turati's successor continued the expansion of the PNF until it became a massive party

Edmondo Rossoni

headed Confederation of Fascist Syndicates, wanted to create corporations that would force industrialists to make concessions to workers' demands

Catholic Church (papacy)

Risorgimento resulted in this institution becoming a separate state in Rome; political disunity in the late 19th century increased due to the hostility of the papacy toward Italy, and it opposed liberalism, but was moderated in the 1890s when the pope permitted Catholics to vote where socialists might win

Associazione Nazionalista Italiana (ANI)

Italy's first nationalist party, supported war against Austria as a way of gaining terra irredenta, grew close with fascist party and then merged

Bolsheviks

to limit attraction of socialism and this ideology, government promised program of land reform after war

Partito Popolare Italiano (PPI) (Italian Popular Party)

January 1919, papacy lifted ban on formation of Catholic political party, led to foundation of this group, coalition of conservative and liberal catholics who wanted to defend catholic interests

popolari

key member of coalition govenrment, May 1921 election- won 107 seats; April to June 1923, Mussolini worked to weaken their position

Italian Social Party (PSI)

arising due to the economic problems that worsened after WWI, leading urban industrial and rural workers upset, party was revolutionary and called for the overthrow of the liberal government and the establishment of a socialist republic, most serious threat to liberal regime

Arditi Association

right wing group, formed organized groups across Italy, increasingly used weapons to attack socialists and trade unionists, Mussolini was a member

Fascio di Combattimento

Mussolini wanted to bring groups together, created this in Milan, combat or fighting group

Fascists of the First Hour

founding members of Fascio de Combattimento; intended to bring together nationalists and socialists

Chamber of Deputies

lower house of Italian parliment, elections held using proportional representation

squadristi

extreme group of Italian Fascists, black shirts, brutality towards anyone whom they perceived as a threat to Fascism

anti-socialist National Bloc

Giolitti offered fascists an electoral alliance for national elections in May 1921

Blackshirts

Mussolini's "gang" used to control Italy, squadristi, celebrated victory in March on Rome

ras

local fascist leaders

Fascio Rivoluzionario di Azione

Internazionalista (Revolutionary Group of International Action),

republican and syndicalist groups supported Italy's entry on Franco British side of WW1, set up this

Fascio Parlamentare di Difesa Nazionale (Parliamentary Group of National Defense),

set up after WW1 by senators and deputies, coalition of nationalists, right wing liberals, and republican interventionists set up local fasci to take action against enemy within

National Fascist Party (PNF)

Mussolini pushed for establishment of more disciplined political party, clear right wing program, appealed to capitalist backers but angered ras

squadre d'azione (action squads)

during biennio rosso, Mussolini offereed to send in these to end factory and land occupations, controlled by ras

non-commissioned officers

(NCOs)

part of fascist squads, united by hatred of socialists and belief in violent action

General Confederation of Workers (CGL)

main trade union organization in Italy, signed the Pact of Pacification with Mussolini

Fascist Central Committee

Mussolini resigned from this to outmaneuver ras

Fascist National Congress

leading body of the fascist party that Mussolini convinced to elect him as the leader of the PNF

Fascist Grand Council

supreme decision-making body within the Fascist Party; could discuss proposals for government action, but Mussolini insisted on sole power over appointments to his council; he was attempting to establish total control over fascist policy-making

National Security Guards (MVSN)

regional fascist squads formed into national militia funded by government, swore oath to Mussolini, gave Mussolini a paramilitary organization which he could deploy against anti-fascists, reduced power of ras

Council of Ministers

worked with Fascist Grand Council, fascist ministers who took important decisions

Confindustria

the employers' organization, represented main industrialists, pledged support to Mussolini because he said there would be no measures taken against tax evasion, opposed Confederation of Fascist Syndicates

Nationalist Party

member of coalition, merged with Fascist Party in March 1923

blueshirts

Nationalists

Ceka

Mussolini's secret gang of thugs and gangsters that terrorized anti-fascists in Italy and abroad, led by Dumini, abducted Matteotti

Podesta

appointed fascist officials, replaced elected mayors and councils of towns and cities, mainly conservatives drawn from traditional landowning and military elites

Special Tribunal

new law court, established to deal with political offences

Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism (OVRA)

secret police charged with suppressing political opponents, adaptation of Interior Ministry's existing secret police

Opera Nazionale

Dopolavoro (OND)

national recreation club, established to control leisure activities and increase acceptance of fascist ideology

L'Unione Cinematografica Educativa (LUCE)

government agency established to produce documentaries and newsreels

Ministry for Press and Propaganda

press office, run by Galeazzo Ciano

Ministry of Popular Culture (Minculpop)

renamed press office, attempt to broaden influence and ensure that all films, plays, radio programs, and books glorified Mussolini as a hero and fascists as Italy's saviors

Communist Party of Italy

organized group that remained after ban in 1926, led by Antonio Gramsci

Garibaldi Legion

Italian anti-fascist volunteers that fought as part of the international Brigades on the side of the Republican government against Franco's forces, defeated Mussolini's troops at the Battle of Guadalajara in March 1937

Giustizia e Liberta

group established by the Rosselli brothers in 1929 to oppose fascism and went in to exile on purpose to organize opposition abroad

La Cagoule (The Cowl)

French fascist group that killed Rosselli brothers in France 1937, probably on Mussolini's orders

Institute of Industrial Reconstruction (IRI)

created in 1933, took over various unprofitable industries on behalf of the state, by 1939 had become a massive state company, controlling most of the iron and steel industries, merchant shipping, the electrical industries, and even the telephone system

Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB)

main youth group in Italy from 1926

Church's Catholic Action youth organization

government attempted to suppress this, provoked further conflict, proved Mussolini never fully controlled Church