FNAR 202 Exam 2

Why was saffron valued in the Bronze Age Aegean?

because of its use as a yellow dye and a medicinal menstrual cramp reliever

What do scholars consider a rich source of information about the material culture of the societies that lived in and around the Mediterranean?

Shipwrecks

 What cataclysmic event have archaeologists found most helpful in determining dates for their Aegean finds? What is the approximate date of this event?

a volcanic eruption on the Cycladic island of Thera, dating around 1650-1625 BCE

The Cyclades had ample supplies of a fine and durable **_____** that sculptors used to create sleek, abstracted representations of human figures. How were they shaped and smoothed–and likely by whom?

white marble; They were shaped with obsidian scrapers and smoothed using emery polish stones

What two main periods divide Minoan chronology, and what are their date ranges?

Old Palace period c. 1900 to 1700 BCE

New Palace period c. 1700 to 1450 BCE

 According to art historian Gail Hoffman, what features on *Head with Remains of Painted Decoration* relate to Cycladic rituals of mourning the dead?

 the vertical red line patterns painted on the face

In which millennium BCE was the potter’s wheel introduced to the Minoan world?

the 2nd millennium

What were the hallmarks of Kamares ware that made it so sought after?

its extreme thinness, colors used, and its unique and beautiful painted decoration

After what event was the architectural complex at Knossos first rebuilt? When did that even take place?

an earthquake that affected Crete in 1700 BCE

The pose of the bull in the *Bull Leaping* fresco is known as the _______ pose

“flying-gallop”

Explain the differences, including pros and cons, of *buon fresco* and *fresco secco*.

*Buon fresco*

* wet plaster surface for painted murals that binds pigments to the wall long-term
* but the painter must work very quickly.

*Fresco secco*

* dry plaster surface for painted murals that a painter can take its time to use
* but the pigments tend to flake off over time

Explain the anatomical details included in the *Statuette of a Male Figure* found at Palaikastro, Crete.

renderings of veins, tendons, and bones with small, tapering feet and nipples placed on its chest

Originally, the *Harvester Rhyton* may have been covered with

gold leaf

What type of stone is the *Bull’s-Head Rhyton* carved from? What part has been restored?

greenish-black serpentine with restoration in its horns

Which cultural influence can be seen in the metalworking skills used to make the *Vapheio Cup*? 

Minoan style and techniques

What is the metalworking technique that fuses minute balls of precious metal to a surface?

Granulation

How did art historian Thomas Strasser reinterpret the *Flotilla Fresco* in 2010?

by arguing that it was a specific seascape seen from the eastern interior of the Thera island, that looked toward the western opening between two pieces of land

Which city’s walls were rebuilt three times?

The city of Mycenae

What is missing from the animals featured at the top of the Lion Gate?

their heads, with just the attachment holes of the heads to the bodies remaining

What mistake did the people of Pylos make when building their city? And what was the consequence of that error?

building their city without fortifications which led to their fairly quick destruction in 1340 BCE from fires

What were the earliest tomb structures on mainland Greece called?

shaft graves

 Which archaeologist discovered the *Mask of Agamemnon*?

Heinrich Schiemann

To which culture’s style can the design of the *Dagger Blade with Lion Hunt* be traced?

Minoan

Tholos tombs are also known by what name? Why?

 beehive tombs due to their round, conical shape

On the *Warrior Krater*, what does the woman’s raised arm signify?

a symbol of mourning

What were the chief agricultural crops of ancient Greece?

olive trees and grapevines

What did the earliest Greek sanctuaries include?

altars and shrines outdoors with a sacred natural element, like a plant, rock, or spring

The Corinthian *Olpe* is an early example of which technique?

black-figure

Which period is named for the influence of Egypt, the Near East, and Asia Minor on Greek

art?

The Orientalising Style (c. 700-600 BCE)

Which period is exemplified by the sculpture *Man and Centaur?*

The Geometric period

The Sanctuary at Delphi was the sacred home of which Greek god?

Apollo

What were the principal events of the Pythian Games?

sports, music, dance, and poetry competitions

What did the artist do to contribute to the realism in the *Battle Between the Gods and the*

*Giants* from the Treasury of the Siphnians? 

with their very complicated representation of space. They gave a sense of 3D recession by overlapping figures and varying the depth of the relief

In contrast to Egyptian temples, Greek temples encouraged the visitor to do what?

walk around the exterior of the building to explore the unique, full sculptural designs on the pediments and frieze

Which art historian(s) have made significant advances in reconstructing the original, painted appearance of early Greek sculpture?

Art historians Vinzenz Brinkmann and Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann

What is the primary difference in the appearance of *korai* and *kouroi* statues?

*korai :* (“young woman”) always clothed

*kouroi* (“young man”) almost always nude

What does the *Berlin Kore* hold in her right hand? What is it a symbol of?

a pomegranate in her right hand that is a symbol of Persephone, who was abducted by Hades and whose annual return brought the springtime

What feature(s) do Greek kouroi and standing figures in Egyptian art have in common?

their pose and proportions: both stand very upright with arms at their sides, fists clenched, and one leg slightly in front of the other

In addition to being painted, the *“Peplos” Kore* also wore what accessories?

metal crown and jewelry

Which technique allowed for a greater sense of three-dimensionality, black-figure or red-figure?

red figure

Which pottery shape is exemplified by the black-figure vase *Dionysos with Maenads*,

by the Amasis Painter? What was the purpose of this type of pottery?

the amphora (large, all-purpose storage jar) pottery shape

The most famous Athenian black-figure painter/potter was **_______**, and one of the best-known red-figure artists was ________.

Exekia; Euphronios

What three concepts have scholars associated with Greek Classical art?

 humanism, rationalism, and idealism

Art historians typically divide the Classical period into three phases. What are they, and what are their date ranges?

Early Classical period (480 to 450 BCE)

High Classical period (450 to 400 BCE)

Late Classical period (400 to 323 BCE)

Which medium did the Greeks prefer to use for figurative sculpture because it allowed for

complex action poses?

bronze

What type of event likely prevented the *Riace Warriors* from being melted down, so their bronze could be reused?

Shipwreck and earthquake

What was the purpose of a psykter?

a wine cooler

In Douris’s *Frolicking Satyrs*, what type of pottery are the satyrs using as props throughout the painting?

kylixes

In which Greek colony was the Tomb of the Diver discovered? Where was the colony?

the Greek colony of Poseidonia in southern Italy

What seems to be the theme of the painting *A Diver*?

the transition between this world and the next

Who were the opponents in the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta and Athens

Who did Pericles task with supervising the rebuilding of the Akropolis? How much marble was brought in for the rebuilding?

Pheidias; 22,00 tons of marble

Which mathematical ratio contributed to the harmony and balance of the Parthenon?

4:9

Which Order of Greek columns is used for the outer edge of the Parthenon?

doric

Which pediment of the Parthenon has the best preserved statues?

the east pediment

How long is the frieze on the cella of the Parthenon?

525 ft

What was the name of the treatise by sculptor Polykleitos that specified a set of rules for constructing what he considered to be the ideal human figure?

the Canon

What other word is used to describe a straight (non-relaxed) leg in a Classical sculpture?

“engaged”

The Propylaia was a monumental entrance to the Athenian Akropolis, which also housed one

of the earliest known ____

museum

Who is the likely designer/builder of the Temple of Athena Nike? About what year was it built?

Kallikrates around year 425 BCE

In most cities in ancient Greece, commercial, civic, and social life revolved around the marketplace, or _____

agora

What was the primary purpose of the tholos?

to be a meeting place for the executive committee of the boule

What are the upright stone slabs used in cemeteries as gravestones called?

stelai

What type of ceramic painting may echo the style of lost contemporary wall and panel painting?

white-ground

What is the opaque, water-based medium mixed with glue or egg white used for painting Greek pottery?

tempera

In what year did Alexander the Great die? How old was he?

323 BCE at age 33

What is believed to be the first statue by a well-known Greek sculptor to depict a fully nude woman? Who is the artist?

the statue of Aphrodite for the city of Knidos in Asia Minor by Praxiteles

What does the term “Pausian” refer to?

opulent floral borders in paintings and mosaics

Who did Pliny the Elder state as the painter of Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos? Who do we now think may have been the original painter?

Philoxenos of Eretria; Helen of Egypt

What two events signal the end of the Hellenistic period? When did each happen?

The Battle of Actium in 31 BCE and the death of Egypt’s last Ptolemaic ruler in 30 BCE

Who were the three great Greek tragedians?

 Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides

According to writers at the time, what was the only thing Celtic warriors wore into battle?

a torc, or twisted neck ring

A characteristic of Hellenistic art, the deliberate attempt to elicit a specific emotional response in the viewer is known as __________

expressionism

In the Hellenistic period, the composure and stability admired in the Classical style have given way to what?

extreme expressions including pain, stress, wild anger, fear, and despair.

Which earlier style influenced the Hellenistic sculpture *Aphrodite of Melos*?

High Classical Period

What metalworking technique did Novios Plautios use to create the images of the Argonauts on *The* *Ficoroni Cista*?

engraving

Why was making large-scale terracotta sculpture a complicated process for the Etruscans? 

 because they had to have intensive knowledge on their weight as to not collapse while the clay was still wet and they had to regulate the temperature of the kiln during the long firing process

Which part of their temples did the Etruscans decorate with sculpture, in contrast to Greek

architectural plans?

roofs

Some Etruscan tombs, like the Tomb of the Reliefs, were made to resemble what? 

rooms in a house

 What metal were the Etruscans particularly skilled in working with?

bronze

Explain Anna Maria Carruba’s issues with the *Capitoline She-Wolf*. What evidence does she use to support her claim?

Carruba believes that this piece was from the Middle Ages rather than Etruscan times with evidence of its lost-wax process that included a single-pour casting technique discovered in the Middle Ages rather than the predominant Etruscan technique to solder separate pieces together

Which architect described the accomplishments of the Roman builders in his *Ten Books of*

*Architecture*?

Vitruvius

 From what does the Roman tradition of realistic portrait sculpture probably derive?

The early practice of creating likeness of revered figures and distinguished ancestors for display on public occasions, many of which were funerals

In the production of statues like the *Barberini Togatus*, what parts were made in advance, and what parts were added after an order?

the full-length bodies were made in advance while the heads were made after an order

How many gallons of water a day did the Pont du Gard provide for the residents of Nimes?

100

What is the *Pax Romana*, and what are its starting and ending years?

a period of time of stability, domestic peace, and economic prosperity that lasted from 27 BCE to 180 CE

How does *Augustus of Primaporta* differ from Greek Classical sculptures like the *Spear Bearer*?

Augustus’ face is individualized to make this portrait easily recognizable

The *Gemma Augustea* brings together Roman attention to detail with which artistic style?

Hellenistic art style

 Housing in a Roman city was made up of apartment blocks called ________

insulae

In the 1870s, who proposed a schematic system for organizing Pompeian wall paintings?

German art historian August Mau

The study of what part of Roman homes was neglected until 1973?

gardens

The brilliant deep red featured in the background of the painted room in the Villa of the Mysteries is now known by what name?

Pompeian Red

In comparison to Greek women, Roman women were _______________

far freezer and more worldly

Why did Pliny the Elder claim that wall paintings are of lesser value compared to panel paintings?

they cannot be removed in case of fire

What do the scroll and the wax tablet/stylus in the *Portrait of a Married Couple* signify?

educational achievement and attributes of literacy

Who commissioned the *Arch of Titus*?

Domitian

Why is the Flavian Amphitheater also known as the “Colosseum”?

because a huge statue of Nero called the *Colossus* stood next to it. The word “Colosseum” is also the best word to describe a gigantic entertainment center

A **______** is essentially a series of connected arches. The weight and thrust of a _____________ are concentrated on four corner piers. A(n) **_____** is the opening at the top of a dome

barrel vault; groin vault; oculus

Under which emperor did the Roman Empire reach its greatest territorial expanse?

Trajan

What was the function of the Basilica Ulpia?

a court of law