PSYCH QUIZ 26-30

learning

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

habituates

decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)

stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

operant behaviors

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov's classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

John B Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

neural stimuli (NS)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

unconditioned response (UR)

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

unconditioned stimuli (US)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response UR)

conditioned response (CR)

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

acquisition

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. (In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations.

discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (In operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced.)

drug & food cravings, immune responses

How can classical conditioning influence human health & well being?

B F Skinner

modern behaviorism's most influential and controversial figure; worked with pigeons

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

Edward Thorndike

behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

operant chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

successive approximations

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Issac - positive

Dad - negative

Isaac: Could you take me to the mall?

Dad: (Continues reading paper.)

Isaac: Dad, I need to go to the mall.

Dad: Uh, yeah, in a few minutes.

Isaac: DAAAAD! The mall!!

Dad: Show me some manners! Okay, where are my keys ...

Describe the reinforcement of each

Discriminative stimulus because pecking at it was reinforced behavior

Skinner trains a pigeon to peck at a green circle, but not a red square. What is the green circle called? Why?

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

positive reinforcement

studying hard to receive an A

positive reinforcement

arriving at work on time to receive a pay raise

negative reinforcement

taking an aspirin to reduce a painful headache

negative reinforcement

putting on your seatbelt to turn off an alarm

primary reinforcers

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food, pain relief)

secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (money, good grades)

immediate reinforcers

occurs immediately after a behavior; animals more responsive

delayed reinforcers

offer the reward at a later time and require the ability to delay gratification; humans more responsive

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

fixed-ratio

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable-ratio

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

fixed-interval

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

variable-interval

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

ratio schedule

Response rates are higher when reinforcement is linked to a

variable

Response is more consistent when reinforcement is

punishment

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

positive punishment

administer an aversive(negative) stimulus

negative punishment

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

positive punishment

spray water on a barking dog

positive punishment

give a traffic ticket for speeding

negative punishment

take away a misbehaving teen's driving privileges

negative punishment

revoke a rude person's chat room access

If a baseball player gets a hit (reinforcement) after tapping the plate with a bat (voluntary behavior), he may be more likely to do so again

How do some players experience partial reinforcement for what becomes a superstitious behavior?

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

preparedness

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

John Garcia

challenged the prevailing idea that all associations can be learned equally well; contradicted the idea that any perceivable stimulus could serve as a CS

taste aversion

a type of classical conditioning in which a previously desirable or neutral food comes to be perceived as repugnant because it is associated with negative stimulation

instinctive drift

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

problem-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

personal control

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

internal locus of control

the perception that we control our own fate

self-control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term reward

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

Erica van de Waal

monkey experiment with colored corn; "monkey see, monkey do"

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

antisocial behavior

helps us understand why abusive parents might have aggressive children, why children who are lied to become more likely to cheat and lie, and why many men who beat their wives had wife-battering fathers

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

fixed-ratio

One free coffee is given after every 10 purchased

variable-ratio

Payoff on slot machine after a varying number of plays

fixed-interval

Mail arriving at 2 pm every day

variable-interval

Checking our phone for a text from our friend

variable-ratio

Shea bought 100 tickets in the raffle for a free homecoming ticket and lost. Months later she also buys 100 tickets for the senior prom raffle, hoping this will be the time she wins. Which schedule of reinforcement is best used to explain this scenario?

Quizzing allows immediate feedback. Students receive reinforcement (good) grades for correct understanding

Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles at school

Shaping. Reinforcing small success them gradually I'm reading the challenge. Getting better and better at a certain thing

Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles in sports

Rewards are most likely to increase productivity if the desired performance is high well defined and achievable

Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles at work

Child's wining behavior being positively reinforced by the child getting what it wants by wining.

Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles in parenting

Build self control, you need to reinforce your own desired behaviors and extinguish the undesired ones

Discuss ways to apply operant conditioning principles in self improvement. Self control

Robert Rescorla

showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment