History Final Vocab

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

extractive industry

primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources

Tammary Hall

a locally organized machine dedicated to stopping Clinton and Federalists from rising to power in New York.

Pendelton Act

A law enacted in 1883 that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

Temperance Movment

against alchoholic beverages began, began in early 1800s

Chisholm Trail

the major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Exoduster

an African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

National Child Labor Committee

a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Alsace-Lorraine

territory lost to Germany by France in 1871

Militarism

Francis Ferdinand

archduke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated in 1914

William II

German emperor

Western Front

deadlocked region in northern France

Casualty

casualty

A person killed or injured in a war or accident

contraband

illegal traffic, smuggled goods

U-boat

German submarine

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died.

Zimmermann Note (1917)

Secret German message to Mexico (intercepted by the US) which offered to return to Mexico the lands it lost in the Mexican-American War.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

CPI

consumer price index

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI

conscientious objector

Person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons

Espionage Act

1917 act gave the government new ways to combat spying

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

convoy

group of merchant ships protected by warships

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

John J. Pershing

US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

AEF

American Expeditionary Force

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Reparations

Payment for war damages

Irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Influenza

flu virus

Inflation

A general and progressive increase in prices

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Extractive economy

economy in a colony where the colonizing country removed raw materials and shipped them back home to benefit its own economy

Alfred T. Mahan

us navy captain who encouraged the us to look outward for military bases, raw materials, markets

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Frederick J. Turner

Historian who said that the frontier had been an outlet for ambitious Americans

Matthew Perry

A commodore in the American navy. He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Sanford B. Dole

American businessman who became president of the new government of Hawaii after the queen was pushed out

Jose Marti

led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain from 1895 through the Spanish-American War

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership

Jingoism

extreme patriotism

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Emilio Aquinaldo

Philippine rebel leader who fought against the U.S. and took control of the Philippine capital, Manila

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

Insurrection

Rebellion or revolt against a government or similarly established authority

guerilla warefare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

William Howard Taft

Believed that instead of using the "big stick" it was better to use money to get people to agree with the United States.

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils".

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Gentlemen's Agreement

In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emmigration of its nationals to the U.S.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

"Big Stick" diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Franisco Pancho Villa

a general in the Mexican Revolution.

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

Steerage

A large open area beneath a ship's deck, often used to house traveling immigrants

Elllis Island

In New York; (mostly european immigrants)

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, at San Francisco Bay.

Americanization

Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

melting pot

the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Rural-to-urban migrant

a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city

Skyscraper

a very tall building with many stories

Elisha Otis

Inventor who developed the first safety elevator in 1852.

Mass transit

Transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes. ( trams, trains, subways, buses)

Suburb

a residential district located on the outskirts of a city

Frederick Law Olmsted

United States landscape architect who believed that beautiful places created better people.

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)