APUSH 11th2nd: Post WWII

Why did Stalin's mistrust towards the US grow post WWII? (2)

-US continued its lend-lease policy with the UK to help rebuild but stopped with the USSR
-US refused to share nuclear plans with USSR

Containment policy

US foreign policy to not interfere where communism was already in place, but to prevent the spread of it elsewhere

What were the goals of the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine

Both offered financial aid to build friendlier relations with countries, with the Marshall Plan being concentrated in Western Europe and the Truman Doctrine being concentrated in Eastern countries inclined to communist influence

Berlin Aircraft 1948-49

After Britain, France, and the US merged their occupied sections of Germany into one, the Soviets blockaded the west, causing the Western Allies to send in supplies and goods for the people to oppose the Soviets and eventually force them to lift the blockade

Name key events of the 1950s in relation to the Cold War (3)

-Korean War
-Massive Retaliation idea
-Khrushchev assumes power and begins destalinization

How did Nixon practice detente, easing of political tensions, with major communist powers in the early 1970s?

He recognized Communist China as official and restored diplomatic relations, while he and Soviet leaders agreed to limit nuclear defense development and to send in grains to help with Soviet food shortages

What is another reason for Nixon's diplomatic efforts with China?

Tension between China and the USSR increased due to military conflict and withholding of nuclear plans, so Nixon tried to create friendly relations with China to further divide the communist global influence

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) I and II

series of arms limitations in which the US and USSR would limit their antiballistic missile numbers and limit their nuclear delivery systems, the latter never being ratified by the US senate

Afghanistan War (1979-1989)

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in order to preserve foreign communist relations, causing the US to supply the anti-communist Taliban as proxy

US shift from massive retaliation to flexible response?

massive retaliation opposed any enemy aggression with nuclear action, but the Soviets' arms and training for communist forces in "brushfire" wars caused the US to start spending more funds in conventional standing military and arms

Why would Republicans instigate the House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of 1947?

to malign the Democrats and gain more support for Republicans, HUAC accused Hollywood of allowing communist propaganda and managed to blacklist many producers

How did the Federal Employee Loyalty Program (1947) and McCarran Act (1950) show the restriction of communist beliefs?

While having different political beliefs wasn't necessarily illegal, the loyalty program fired thousands of government workers due to disloyalty allegations while the McCarran Act required Communism-aligned people to register with the government

How did McCarthyism hysteria (1950s) start?

to boost his career, Senator McCarthy started making claims of 205 communists in State Department, causing scrutinized government investigations

How did McCarthyism come to an end?

Senator McCarthy's accusations of communism in the US military were taken to court and televised, meaning he was disproven in front of millions of watchers

How did the Red Scare impact the American culture?

increased conformity by stigmatizing communists further, building similar-looking homes, practicing duck and cover, revising the pledge

How did the Red Scare influence infrastructure?

The Interstate Highway System was primarily built to serve as plane landing platforms

Why and how did the US bolster the National Defense Education Act (1958)?

gave loans to teachers and improved the curriculum to further instill patriotic ideals and produce individuals capable to compete with the Soviets in strategy, science, and space technology

How did the Cold War influence social movements in the US?

Communists pointed out the US's contradictory actions, such as their segregation despite promoting unity and equality

Why would the US focus Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) activity in Guatemala and Iran?

the US feared government partiality to the USSR, since the USSR granted +200k acres of land to the Guatemalan poor and Britain had begun to boycott Iran's nationalized oil

Role of colonial independence in the Cold War?

new countries were usually economically and politically unstable, either depending on the US or USSR for aid or joining the non-alignment association

Why would the US initiate the Peace Corps and Alliance for Progress?

The Peace Corps provided volunteers worldwide and Alliance for Progress invested ~12 billion in L. America to help develop countries and establish friendly terms

What was Eisenhower's primary concern stated in his Farewell address?

the growing influence of communism posed as a threat to liberty and democracy, meaning heavy investment in a permanent military industrial complex is necessary

Why was Eisenhower's farewell address controversial?

At the time, the government had engaged money more than the net income of all US corporations and +3.5 million workers in armaments, though people argued these were unnecessary measures and could be put into other areas instead

How did the Government Issue Bill (GI Bill) post WWII help improve individuals' economic situation?

provided veterans benefits like paid homes and college grants which allowed for a wider range of people to eventually enter specialized, higher-paying fields

How did government spending stimulate the economy as a whole?

publicly funding schools and providing more opportunity to veterans allowed for them and much of the younger generation to attend schooling and work in booming technological developments like NASA, computer technology

How did parts of the economic boom contribute to migration to suburbia post WWII? (3)

\-GI bill and school funding lead to higher career opportunities that allow people to buy single homes

\-Interstate highway

\-automobiles

Describe the social development of suburbs

Many people escaped the city to avoid racial integration, creating largely contained, homogenous neighborhoods

Why would there be mass migration to the Sun Belt post WWII? (3)

warmer climate and AC invention, remaining industries from the war provided jobs, and lower taxes appealed to many Northerners

1950s consumerism trends

people continued to spend on home appliances and automobiles to stay modern, but thought spending should be more pragmatic rather than a splurge

How did people challenge conformity in society post WWII?

pop culture continued to thrive by glamorizing parts of life, fashion trends, attitudes

Why did the US Civil Rights Movement gain momentum specifically in the 1940s and 50s due to relevant wars?

WWII led to the desegregation in defensive and armed services and gave African Americans the chance to show their allegiance to the nation, while the USSR in the Cold War used the US civil rights history to malign them internationally

How would the Great Migration give momentum to the US Civil Rights Movement? (2)

The north generally provided more access to voting for black people, while white Northerners embraced the culture brought with the migrants

What are 2 key Civil Rights groups and what did they do? (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

NAACP hired lawyers and wrote the Crisis Newspaper to shed light on prominent issues, while the Southern Christian Leadership Conference founded by MLK organized peaceful protest often by involving youth and used black churches as safe meeting places

What were the successes and limits of Brown V. Board?

ends "equal segregation" notion and state law-enforced segregation, but the ruling offered little guidelines for enforcement and did not gain support from Eisenhower

How did the Arkansas government respond to the integration of the nine African American students?

although he did not feel passionately for it, the Arkansas governor sent state troops to enforce segregation to keep White support

What was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee trying to accomplish with sit-ins?

confront segregation and preconceptions of black behavior by asserting their right to stay in public spaces and showing peace despite opposition

Outcome of the sit-ins

Despite nonviolence, police acted with aggressive force and were thus charged with misconduct, leading to nationwide media coverage and more support for the civil rights movement

Birmingham Campaign

SCLC gathered thousands of black children to march peacefully, causing local police to retaliate aggressively by using harsh water sprays and attack dogs

How did the State and Federal government respond to the Birmingham Campaign?

Despite national concern of the police response, the Alabama governor refused to change segregation policies while JFK passed laws to help desegregate the workplace such as diners

Nationwide outcome of the Birmingham Campaign?

Public outcry led to higher support for the Civil Rights Movement, leading thousands of people to march in Washington DC and listen to the speeches of activist leaders

How did MLK justify his support for direct action?

simply waiting for a right time to negotiate only promotes prolonged allowance of injustices, while confrontational protest is what creates the situation in which those injustices can no longer be ignored

How did the Freedom Rides further the Civil Rights Movement?

Black activists tested the Supreme Court ruling of desegregation on interstate transport services, finding that the ruling was ineffective and later leading JFK to enact the Interstate Commerce Commission for enforcement

How did the Civil Rights Act 1964 further the Civil Rights Movement?

After the violence of previous protests, JFK enacted the Act which increased federal enforcement of equality in multiple areas such as schools, work, and public accommodations

Selma 1965 purpose

SNCC and SCLC leaders gathered thousands of protestors to participate in a multi-day march from Selma to Montgomery in order to meet with the Alabama governor and see that he respect equality in voting

Selma March 1

Bloody Sunday: law enforcement officials and troops open fire and harass several protestors

Selma March 2

The protestors are once again met by armed officials and local townspeople, but MLK decides to pray and lead the protestors away

Selma March 3

Thousands more join and Lyndon B Johnson sends the National Guard for protection, allowing MLK to make it to the state capitol and give a speech to fellow activists

How did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 reflect a change of federal action between the Reconstruction era? (3 things)

the federal government extended their power over state law, stopping literacy tests, replacing local vote registrars with federal officials, and prosecuting poll tax enforcers

How did the Voting Rights Act 1965 increase black political power? (2)

with more black people registered, more black candidates were elected and politicians began to appeal more to the black populice

How was the Warren Court (1953-69) influential in expanding rights for the accused? MAPP V. OHIO (2)

\-reinforced due process by providing fair treatment of the judicial system for ALL citizens

\-officers cannot use evidence found in searches that violate the 4th amendment

How was the Warren Court (1953-69) influential in expanding rights for the accused? GIDEON V WAINWRIGHT

states must provide an attorney to those who cannot afford one

How was the Warren Court (1953-69) influential in expanding rights for the accused? MIRANDA V ARIZONA

established the Miranda statement, giving the accused the right to remain silent and have an attorney

How was the Warren Court (1953-69) influential in expanding rights for the accused? HERNANDEZ V TEXAS

equal right to jury for all races

How was the Warren Court influential in changing amendments enforcement?

While earlier rulings decided that states had flexibility in incorporating the Bill of Rights, the Warren Court ruled that all states must implement amendments 1-14

How was the black power movement different from the Civil Rights movement?

the black power movement encouraged racial pride and more forceful, aggressive action as the necessary means to obtain rights, and they saw Civil Rights activists as appealing to the white people by just wanting desegregation

How did the black power movement influence the civil rights movement?

became the dominant ideology, causing major Civil Rights groups like SNCC and CORE to pass leadership to more radical activists

How did Malcom X’s prior experience shape his ideology for addressing US racial inequality?

As a former member of the Nation of Islam, Malcom X applied the group’s belief of economic uplift and racial pride to his idea that black people should develop their own pride and resources to build self-sustaining communities

Black Panthers general summary

more openly aggressive group of urban activists who adopted bold fashion trends and followed police while carrying guns

How did the Black Panthers want the federal government to aid them economically? (2)

Reconstruction reparations and guaranteed employment

How were the Black Panthers radical in their beliefs relating to the justice system and military?

\-they wanted all incarcerated black people to be released and have a truly fair trial using a jury of their peer group

\-exemption from military service because unfair to serve a racist government

What motivated Lyndon B Johnson to introduce the Great Society concept?

to expand the scope of previous progressive, nationwide programs by increasing federal power to assist in many areas of the nation

Name at least 3 specific concerns that led LBJ to introduce the Great Society concept?

pollution, Civil Rights, unfavorable working and housing conditions, old infrastructure, lack of accessible education, lack of equal access to medical treatment

Economic Opportunity Act

Founded the War on Poverty welfare legislation that would coordinate education and employment programs

What acts assisted in improving living conditions of the impoverished?

Housing and Urban Development Act gave subsidies to low-income people to move into new housing projects, while the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act gave federal aid to revitalize poor areas

How would the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the Higher Education Act broaden opportunity for lower income families?

the former would give federal aid to local schools largely comprised of lower-income students, while the latter approved use of low-income loans and scholarships

Why was Medicare and Medicaid necessary?

medicare for the elderly and medicaid for welfare recipients were needed because the advancement of healthcare became costly, meaning many people belonging to these groups struggled to afford it

Why was the Great Society controversial? (2)

\-increase of federal power

\-funding for programs was deficit spending, especially problematic considering the Cold War going on too

How did immigration to the US change in the 1960s?

Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, the JFK administration abolished the quota system, increasing immigration from areas other than W. Europe

3 Key reasons for US immigration changes

\-prioritized relatives of permanent citizens because they would already have a support system

\-specialized skills need

\-friendly relations during the Cold War

Concerns of Natives during the 1960s-80s

\-unaddressed federal government abuses and unpaid reparations

\-forced assimilation

What were ways Natives fought for more rights?

protests and occupation of key areas such as the site of the Sioux massacre, Alcatraz and the Bureau of Indian Affairs

1968 Indian Civil Rights Act

passed under LBJ administration, guaranteed Bill of Rights and recognition for reservation land and tribal laws

1972 Indian Education Act

creates Office of Indian Education and provides money for education and parent advisory committees

Concerns of Latin American immigrants?

lack of financial support for immigrants seeking greater economic opportunity or refuge from Latin American countries

How did La Raza Unida and United Farm Workers work to mobilize Latin Americans?

La Raza Unida was a Southwestern Mexican American political organization that encouraged more Mexican American political involvement, while the UFW fought to improve wages and work conditions for migrant farmers

Concerns of Asian Americans (2)

\-lack of educational representation for their cultures and histories

\-”model minority” label ignored the many impoverished Asian Americans

Social and Economic concerns for LGBTQIA+

sometimes forced to live in isolated communities and denied equal employment opportunities

Legal concerns for LGBTQIA+ (2)

\-same sex marriage illegal

\-same sex couples not allowed to foster or adopt

How did awareness of the LGBTQIA+ movement increase in the 1970s? (2)

\-more media coverage

\-American Psychiatric Association stops classifying homosexuality as a mental disease

Economic concerns of women during the Civil Rights Movement era and the general justifications

women often received less pay and promotions despite working the same as men, which people justified as a result of women taking off time to raise children

National Organization for Women goal

address the domestic expectations of women and the economic and legal inequalities

Response to Equal Rights Amendment

passes in Congress but is stalled by Phyllis Schlafly, who leads a campaign against feminism, stating that the movement was actually harmful because women feel additional pressures such as drafts and the need to abandon traditional homemaking roles

Victories for women achieving greater control of their sexual and reproductive lives?

court rulings allowing privacy for birth control and also abortion

What are 2 acts that improved women’s economic equality

Equal Pay Act promoted equal pay of both genders while the Title VII Civil Rights Act expanded to also stop employment discrimination for women too

Leadup to Vietnamese independence

The Vietnamese and a representative, Ho Chi Minh, hoped the WWII end convention would be a way to present their case for independence, but after being denied and being exposed to communist ideals, Ho Chi Minh leads a rebellion against France and is additionally opposed by the US who hopes to contain communism

Geneva Accords 1954 (2)

\-divide Vietnam into the communist north and non-communist south and hold free elections

\-US creates Southeast Treaty Organization to function like NATO in order to get involved

Leadup to Vietnamese Civil War

Diem’s S. Vietnamese government ruled like a repressive dictatorship, causing more support to communist Ho Chi Minh which scared the US, leading to them pulling out support for the elections which angered Ho Chi Minh supporters

What other methods besides tunnels did the Vietcong utilize? (2)

\-jungle and city knowledge

\-spies

US involvement in Vietnam early 1960s

JFK administration at first sends troops, money, and advisors to Diem but eventually agreed to Diem’s assassination

How did the Vietcong army (army supporting Ho Chi Minh) utilize their elaborate tunnel system to their advantage? (3)

\-Vietnamese could instigate hit-and-run ambush tactics and quickly disappear

\-home to guerrila fighters

\-protection from airstrikes

How did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, after the Vietnamese attack on US naval vessels, reflect a change in how military policy was handled by the federal government?

Instead of Congress having to approve of military plans, they gave LBJ the ability to pass all military measures necessary

How did media increase a lack of support for the Vietnamese War in the general American public?

With the growing popularity of TVs, more Americans could see the stark contrast between the more optimistic reports of the LBJ administration and the jarring images and news reports on TV

How did socioeconomic differences factor into decreased support for the war?

People of higher socioeconomic classes had the resources and connections to avoid Vietnam through ways like medical exemption, joining the National or Coast Guard, and college, leaving those of lower classes, like many African Americans, disadvantaged

How did the Tet Offensive significantly decrease American support for the war?

Although the American and allied Vietnamese forces defeated Vietcong’s surprise attack and lost less people, Americans felt betrayed since the attack itself and TV reports showed that the LBJ administration’s optimistic reports were questionable

How did the Vietnam War factor into the 1968 election results? Trends?

Countrywide discontent led to increasing support for the Republicans and Nixon, also decreasing Southern support for Democrats and starting the gradual transition into the Republican Party consisting of white Southerners

How does Nixon hope to end the war?

act on foreign treaty requirements by prioritizing the security of South Vietnam until the Vietnamese forces become strong enough for the US troops to withdraw

How does Nixon justify the continuation of the war to the unsure, less vocal majority?

continuing is the right way, not only to contain communism but to ensure the safety of any families formed while the US soldiers were stationed in Vietnam

War Powers Act

In contrast to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the president now had to consult with Congress before executing military action

How did Nixon’s actions in Cambodia increase the need for the War Powers Act?

US was not directly at war with Cambodia and the executive branch’s sole decision to launch attacks violated his promise

N Vietnam and US 1973 truce and outcomes

US would withdraw troops and N. Vietnam would release POWs and maintain troops in S. Vietnam, but after the US became more disinterested in Vietnam, the Northern communists completed their takeover