Diversity 2 (copy) (copy) (copy)

Name 3 major characteristics of kingdom plantae

1) Eukaryotic

2) have cell walls that contain carb:cellulose

3) carry out photosynthesis, using the pigment chlorophyll to transform sunlight > chemical energy

What did modern day terrestrial plants evolve from? (Kingdom plantae)

Aquatic organisms, which are similar to green algae

The evolution of land plants ? (Kingdom plantae)

To grow successfully on land, plants developed several adaptations

5 adaptations of the evolution of land plants (kingdom plantae)

1) formation of an embryo

2) the ability to stand upright to gather sunlight

3) vascular tissues to transport water, nutrients & waste

4) strategies to reduce water loss (e.g cactus thorns)

5) strategies to disperse reproductive structures without water (e.g maple keys)

Kingdom animalia

multicellular, heterotrophic, and eukaryotic. Classified according to structure, tissues and organ systems. 36 phyla (we study 9) in 2 large groups.

1) invertebrates

2) vertebrates

invertebrate (kingdom animalia)

lack a notochord (rod of cartilage). Either sessile (e.g sponge) or motile (e.g worm)

vertebrate (kingdom animalia)

have a notochord (only in embryo stage usually)

how are animals classified (3 ways) (kingdom animalia)

1\. by the number of body layers -may have 2-3 germ layers

a) ectoderm

b) mesoderm

c) endoderm

2\. body cavity (coelom)

3\. symmetry

ectoderm (kingdom animalia)

(outer skin) e.g skin, hair, feathers

mesoderm (kingdom animalia)

(middle skin) e.g organs

endoderm (kingdom animalia)

(inner skin) e.g gut lining

body cavity (coelom) (kingdom animalia)

Between wall and gut, contains and protects organs. Lining called peritoneum. Absent in flatworms. Present in earth worms. “false” one (apseudocoelum) in round worms

symmetry (kingdom animalia)

a) radial - repeated shaped around central axis. allows for slow locomotion only.

b) bilateral - Half of a shape is mirror image of the other half. True head region for forward locomotion

poriferans

Lack organs and a nervous system. Sessile and aquatic (mostly marine) water enters body through “pores” reproduce asexually. Can regenerate lost body parts e.g sponges

Cnidarians

1) medusa -umbrella shaped and free-swimming (e.g jellyfish)

2) polyp -cylindrical some sedentary while others glide or use tentacles as legs (e.g sea ademone and brain coral)

kingdom fungi

multicellular species and single-celled yeasts. all are heterotrophs

1) saprobes

2) parasites

3) symbionts

sessile/stationary. rigid cell wall made of chitin. Reproduce sexually and asexually via spores. e.g mushrooms, mildew, moulds and yeasts. e.g common mould trichophyton rubrum causes fatal contagious fungal infection-athletes foot

sessile/stationary

anchored in soil or on other substrate

saprobes

feed on decaying matter

parasites

feed on living plants and animals

symbionts

feed on carbs from algae in a mutual relationship

importance of fungi

1. decomposers- major recyclers of nutrients in ecosystems
2. food and medecine - used in production of breads, cheeses, and alcoholic beverages. aspergillus -ferments sugar to citric acid, which is used to flavour soft drinks. mushrooms, morels, and truffles are a common food choice. green mould penicillium produces a chemical that inhibits bacterial cell wall growth -antibiotic.
3. symbiosis- lichens are the symbiotic association between algae and fungus. algae depends on CO2 and water from fungus and fungus depends on carbs from algae

worms (3 different types)

1) platyhelminthes

2) nematodes

3) annelids

platyhelminthes (worm)

AKA flatworms. most primitive -coelum. bilateral symmetry. Have mesoderm, eyespot, true organs primitive brains and nerve cord. e.g tape worm.

nematodes (worm)

AKA round worm. More advanced (pseudocoelum). Have a nervous system. Have complete digestive tract (mouth-anus). Smooth (not segmented). e.g parasite hookworm.

Annelids (worm)

AKA segmented worms. most advanced invertebrates -true coelum. Have organ systems (circulatory, digestive, reproductive, excretory.) e.g earthworms and leeches.

Mollusks

soft-bodied with coelum and full digestive tract. bi-lateral symmetry. All begins as larvae. All have mantle -secretes shell. May have a hard external shell (internal in slug). May have radula-rasping tongue-like organ with teeth.

3 types of Mollusks

1) gastropods (stomach footed)

2) Bivalves

3) Cephalopods (head footed)

Gastropod mollusk (stomach footed)

Hard coiled shell and flat foot for locomotion e.g snails, slugs, conches

Bivalve Mollusk

2- part shell/valve. No head region. Most are filter feeders (collect food with gills). e.g clams, muscles, oysters, scallops

cephalopod Mollusk (head footed)

Billateral symmetry. Move by jet propulsion. e.g squid with 10 arms. e.g octopods with 8 arms.

Echinoderms (echino=spiny)

All marine. Pentamerous radial symmetry as adults.Lack resp,circ, and excretory systems. e.g sand dollars, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Artrhopods

90% of all known species. Have fused segments -head, thorax, abdomen. Covered by strong, protective, exoskeleton composed of chitin. Most moult seasonally. May regenerate lost appendages (e.g cray fish) e.g insects, centipedes, scorpions, spiders, mites, ticks, crabs, lobsters

chordates

only 5% of all known species. Most complex and advanced living organisms. Have a notochord (dorsal rod of cartilage) dorsal nerve tube, tail and pharynx.

notochord

dorsal rod of cartilage

the three subphyla of chordates

1) cephal chordata

2) urochordata

3) vertebrata

cephal chordata

Scaleless, fish-like, fitter feeding marine chordates a few cm long. Have notochord but no vertebral column. e.g lancelet

urochordata

Sessile marine chordates, that settle to the ocean’s bottom and attach to substrate via sucker. No vertebral column. e.g tunicates

vertebrata (chordate)

large brain surrounded by bony skull. Endoskeleton with bony vertebral column. Complex heart, advanced nervous and circulatory systems. 1 or 2 pairs of apendages. Large coelum. e.g birds and mammals. e.g fish, amphibians, reptiles.

endotherm

warm blooded animals (birds and mammals)

ectotherm

cold blooded animals (fish, amphibians and reptiles)

fish (vertebrata)

evolved paired appendages which gave rise to bony limbs. agile swimmers with gills for gas exchange. Ancestors of early amphibians and all land vertebrates. 3 classes


1. jawless (agnatha)
2. Cartilagenous (chandrichthyes)
3. Bony (osteichthyes)

Jawless fish (agnatha) -vertebrata

Soft, eel-like bodies, slimy skin, no paired fins e.g lamprey, hagfish

Cartilaginous fish (chandrichthyes) -vertebrata

Skeleton made of cartilage e.g shark

Bony fish (osteichthyes) -vertebrata

Most numerous, vertebrates.Gills protected by an operculum. Swim bladder to maintain boyancy. e.g trout, salmon, perch

amphibians (vertebrata)

“fish” specialized for land-living. Limb-like fins for crawling. Primitive lungs for breathing air. 2 lives


1. eggs laid in fresh water
2. adult resides on land

e.g salamanders, toads, frogs

reptiles (vertebrata)

Had few competitors when they first invaded land. First fully terestrial vertebrates to complete their life cycle out of water. Developed on a dry, waterproof skin, stronger limbs, more efficient lungs. First to produce amniotic egg. e.g turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators

Birds (aves) -vertebrata

6 evolved characteristics for flight


1. feathers
2. Hollow quills and bones
3. very efficient lungs
4. efficient heart
5. good vision
6. rapid digestion

impact of climate change on biodiversity (aquatic ecosystems)

warmer summer water in lake ontario decreases the appetite of fish and causes a decline in their growth rate

impact of climate change on biodiversity (plants and animal pollinators)

pollen is necessary for sexual reproduction in plants. A plant and its pollinator (insect, bird, or bat) are dependant on each other. some pollination relationships have lost their matched timing. If plants flower due to an early spring, the pollinators may not emerge in time.

impact of climate change on biodiversity (food sources)

The caribou and reindeer populations throughout the world have decreased by almost 60% over the last 30 years. One impact relates to lichens, the primary winter food source of caribou. Warmer summers favour plant growth over lichen growth, resulting in less winter food for the caribou.

impact of climate change on biodiversity (reproduction)

in many reptile species, the temperature at which the eggs are incubated determines the sex of the offspring. Most ontario turtles lay their eggs in sand. The eggs of several species produce females when temperatures are warm, and males when temperatures are cooler. based on continuing warming trends, some climate models predict that only females will be born.

impact of climate change on biodiversity (habitat)

Temperature decreases with increasing altitude, producing different vegetation zones. In mountain regions that are experiencing long-term warming, the average temperatures in all zones are shifting upwards. Warming results in habitat loss, leading to isolating plant populations, which can lead to a lack of genetic diversity.

vertebrate (textbook definition)

Any animal with a backbone and an internal skeleton

what does the backbone protect?

the spinal cord

fish (textbook definition)

live entirely in water, obtain dissolved oxygen from water through gills. Cold-blooded. Most lay eggs, external fertilization.

Amphibians (textbook definition)

Live part of their lives in water and part on land. Undergo metamorphosis. Water-dwellers breathe with gills, land dwellers breathe with lungs. Cold-blooded. Smooth moist skin, lay eggs. Most have external fertilization.

Internal vs external fertilization

Internal fertilization is the process when the syngamy (union of male and female gamete) occurs inside the female body. External fertilization is the syngamy outside the female body, that is in the outer environment especially in water bodies

endoskeleton vs. exoskeleton

Endoskeleton is an internal skeleton that provides support and protection to the body's organs while Exoskeleton is an external skeleton which provides protection to the body from outside. Endoskeleton is found within the human body while Exoskeleton works external to the human body.

reptiles (textbook definition)

live mainly on land. breathe air with lungs. cold-blooded. Dri ski covered with hard plates or scales. Most lay eggs which are hard shelled. Internal fertilization.

Birds (textbook definition)

Live on land. Breathe air with lungs. Warm blooded. Body covered with feathers. Have lightweight bones. Lay hard-shelled eggs. Internal fertilization.

Mammals (textbook definition)

Most live on land. Breathe air with lungs. Warm-blooded. Body covered with fur or hair. In most, young develop entirely inside the mothers body. Produce milk to nurse their young.

which group of vertebrates have a backbone?

All vertebrates have a backbone

what are the two jobs of the backbone?

Protect and support

the internal skeleton of a vertebrate

endoskeleton

external skeleton of a vertebrate

exoskeleton

what are the five major groups of vertebrates

Mammals Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Birds

which vertebrates are warm-blooded

Mammals, Birds

which vertebrates are cold blooded

Reptiles, Fishes, Amphibians

which vertebrates have internal fertilization

mammals, birds, reptiles

which vertebrates have external fertilization

fish, amphibians,

what are the three major groups of mammals and how are they classified

Egg-laying mammals, pouched mammals, and placental mammals. They’re classified according to the way in which their young develop.

Egg-laying mammals

Young develop outside the mothers body in shell covered eggs. e.g platypus, spiny anteater

pouched mammals

young are born at an earl stage of development, they’re not fully developed. The young complete their development in the pouch of their mother. e.g kangaroos, opossums, and koala bears

placental mammals

young develop completely inside the mothers body. Young are connected to mother via sack like organ called the placenta that feeds the developing mammal and carrys away waste. Placenal mammals are the Largest group of mammals

3 kinds of fungi

1. yeasts
2. molds
3. mushrooms

Yeasts (textbook definition)

Single-celled, colorless fungi. Grow while sugar is present, use sugar as food

Molds (textbook definition)

Common kinds of fungi. Grow on breads, fruit and even leather. They look like mass of threads. Some threads have a rootlike structures called “rhizoids” that hold the mold to the bread. nutrients move up through rhizoids to other parts of the mold . Other threads produce spores

spore

a cell that certain fungi, plants (moss, ferns), and bacteria produce. Spores are involved in reproduction. Certain bacteria make spores as a way to defend themselves. Spores have thick walls.

Mushrooms (textbook definition)

Similar to molds, mushrooms are made up of many threads. These threads are packed closely together. The stemlike part of the mushroom is called the stalk. At the top is the umbrella-shaped cap that is lined with gills. The gills produce spores. The root-like structures at the base are the rhizoids.

Things that fungi contain

Some are many-celled others are single celled. Their cell walls are made up of chitin. They have a cell-wall. They have large cells with many nuclei. They grow by producing threadlike structures.They feed on dead organisms. Produce spores. Grow in dark moist places.

things that plants contain

All are many celled. Most grow in sunny places. Cells contain chlorophyll. Cells are surrounded by a cell wall. They make their own food. Their cells contain chloroplasts. Cell walls are made up of cellulose.

Invertebrates (textbook definition)

Animals without backbones. Make up 97% of the animal kingdom. e.g sponges, jellyfish, clams, sea stars, worms and insects

Sponges (textbook definition)

saclike bodies. Most live attached to objects on ocean floor. Hvae many pores (holes) that water flows through

Cnidarians (textbook definition)

Have tentacles. All have stinging cells. Live in water. e.g jellyfish, corals, hydra

flatworms (textbook definition)

long, flat, ribbonlike bodies. Some get food by living in another organism and absorbing food from that organism. e.g tapeworms, flukes, planaria.

roundworms (textbook definition)

Long, thin, tubelike bodies. some get food by living in another organism and absorbing food from that organism. e.g hookworms

segmented worms (textbook definition)

Long tubelike body that is divided into segments (sections). Simplest organisms with a well-developed nervous system . e.g earthworms, leeches.

Mollusks (textbook definition)

Soft bodies. Many have shells. Most live in ocean some live in fresh water and on land. e.g snails, clams, squids

Echinoderms (textbook definition)

usually have five arms that extend from a middle body section. Have an internal skeleton made up of spines. Live only in ocean. e.g sea stars, sand dollars, sea cucumbers.

Arthropods (textbook definition)

Have jointed legs, have hard outer covering, have segmented bodies. live on land and water.e.g spiders, lobster, centipedes and grasshoppers.

Major groups of arthropods

centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, insects

important characteristics of centipedes

Have flat bodies with segments, each body segments have one pair of legs.

important characteristics of millipedes

have round bodies with many segments. Each body segment except the first four has two pairs of legs.

important characteristics of crustaceans

Have two main body parts. two pairs of antennae. large claws, and four pairs of legs. Most crustaceans live in water. e.g lobsters, shrimp, crabs, and crayfish.

important characteristics of arachnids

Have two body sections and four pairs of legs. e.g spiders,scorpions, and ticks

important characteristics of insects

Have three body sections and three pairs of legs. Some have wings.

most animals are…

invertebrates

segments of vascular plants

firstly there are “seedless” (ferns) the there is “with seeds “ which then includes gymnosperms and angiosperms

gymnosperms

“Naked seeds” seed plants e/g conifers

Angiosperms

“enclosed seeds” flowering plants e/g tomatoes