Practice questions of all lectures

from all lectures ( 1-end )

What characteristics does something need to have in be alive, or have life?

organs, ability to respire, consume food for energy

Label the following examples as
either (A) catabolism or (B)
anabolism:


1. Conversion of fats into fatty acids
2. Conversion of protein into amino acids
3. Fatty acids converted to fat
4. Carbohydrates converted to glucose
5. Conversion of amino acids into protein

1. catabolism (A)
2. catabolism (A)
3. anabolism (B)
4. catabolism (A)
5. anabolism (B)

A. Do these outcomes show negative feedback or positive feedback? How can you tell?


B. What might be the "receptor/sensor" in this example? How can you tell?


C. What might be the input? Output? How can you tell?


D. What might be the "effector" in this example? How can you tell?

A. individuals that get well quickly is a negative feedback loop because it reduces the levels of the virus particles. In more serious cases it is a positive feedback loop because more cytokines are released and create more inflammation.

B. macrophages are the receptor/sensor because it detects the virus

C. the input is cytokines and the output is also cytokines.

D. T-cells are the effector because they respond to cytokines

In Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), the heart fails to efficiently pump blood around the body. The kidneys sense the decreased blood flow. The liver and glands release hormones to try to enhance blood flow by retaining more water in the body. The increased water volume in the blood vessels puts more stress on the heart, which further reduces blood flow to the kidneys and other organs.


A) Does this example show negative feedback or positive feedback? How can you tell?


B) What might be the "receptor/sensor" in this example? How can you tell?


C) What might be the "effector" in this example? How can you tell?

A) positive feedback because blood flow is further reduced, and is not normalized.

B)The kidneys are the receptor/sensor because it sensed the decrease in blood flow

C) the liver and the glands are the effector because they are the ones trying to enhance blood flow but actually further reduce blood flow.

One cause of osteoporosis is low calcium. You have a special gland that has calcium receptors. If it detects low calcium in your blood, the gland sends hormones to your bone cells. Your bone cells then break down and weaken your bones to release calcium. This results in higher calcium in your blood.


A. Positive or negative feedback? How can you tell?


B. What is the input? How can you tell?


C. What is the control center in this example? How can you tell?


D. What is the effector in this example? How can you tell?

A) negative feedback because it results in higher calcium in the blood

B) hormones are the input because it’s what is sent from the gland

C) The gland is the control center because it releases hormones to change calcium levels

D)Bone cells are the effector because it weakens the bones so that calcium is released

is H20 polar?

yes, because has both positive and negative charge.

The diagram to the right shows interactions between four separate beta amyloid molecules. That means the diagram is most prominently featuring what type of protein structure?


A. Quaternary Structure
B. Tertiary Structure
C. Secondary Structure
D. Primary Structure

A. Quaternary Structure

what are covalent bonds?

strongest bond in biology; visually indicated by solid lines (can have a charge)

what are H-bonds ?

Weakest bond in biology; visually indicated by dotted lines

what are ionic bonds?

Weaker bond in biology; visually indicated by close proximity. (can have a charge)

Which of the following are polar? Which are
nonpolar? Which are soluble in water, and which
are insoluble in water?

polar: B, D

non polar: A, C, E

what does polar mean?

It means that a molecule has both a negative and positive charge. It is also soluable

what does non polar mean?

a molecule that has the same charge and is insoluable

Why do you think phospholipids are structured this way?

Tails are on the inside facing away from eachother because they don’t like water (hyrophobic) and the heads are on the outside because they are hydrophilic.

If phospholipid heads are soluble (polar, hydrophilic)
why don’t phospholipid heads dissolve in water?

They don’t dissolve in water because it’s covalently attached to a non-polar tail.

Choose the correct statement regarding the
structure of the plasma membrane.


A. The hydrophobic center of the plasma membrane will restrict the movement of fat-soluble substances through the membrane.


B. The entire cell membrane is composed of water-soluble molecules to allow movement of water between the fluid compartments (inside & outside the cell).


C. The hydrophobic tails attract the hydrophilic heads creating a phospholipid bilayer.


D. The hydrophobic tails repel the hydrophilic heads creating a phospholipid bilayer.

C. The hydrophobic tails attract the hydrophilic heads creating a phospholipid bilayer.

D. The hydrophobic tails repel the hydrophilic heads creating a phospholipid bilayer.

Which of these cannot rapidly pass directly
through the phospholipids of the plasma
membrane (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)?

B)water because the inside of the membrane is hydrophobic

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C)glucose is slightly charged so it would need assistance

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D)hydrogen is an ion, meaning that it is charged so it needs assistance.

what is passive transport?

movement of molecules & ions across membrane from higher to lower concentrations (down a concentration gradient)

what is simple diffusion?

type of passive transport where small molecules & ions move across membrane from higher to lower concentrations.

what is facilitated diffusion?

type of passive transport where large molecules & ions move across membrane from higher to lower concentrations. Typically uses a chanel protein to help it cross.

what is osmosis?

movement of water (solvent) across a semi preamble membrane from high to low solvent concentration

what is active transport?

movement ofmolecules & ions across membrane from lower to higher concentrations (against a concentration gradient). Needs ENERGY to diffuse through membrane.

what is exocytosis?

Type of active transport where molecules & ions move across the membrane from lower to higher concentrations, by which a LARGE number of molecules are released

what is endocytosis?

Type of active transport where molecules & ions move across the membrane from lower to higher concentrations, by which a SMALL number of molecules are released

Which of the following is true regarding
transport mechanisms? (select all that apply)

A. Lipids, a non-polar molecule, will readily pass through the plasmamembrane via diffusion.


B. Osmosis uses transport proteins to cross the plasma membrane.

C. Active transport allows the movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane from lower to higher concentrations.

D. Diffusion allows the movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane from lower to higher concentrations.

E. Endocytosis and exocytosis use energy for bulk transport.

A, C, E

Would water molecules be moving up or down in the diagram on the right?

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Would this be considered passive or active transport? How can you tell?

Water would move up because it goes from high to low concentration.

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This would be passive transport because its moving down the concentration gradient (high to low)

Place the following in the correct order of how we go from genetic material to
traits...


1. B → C → D→A
2. B→C→A→D
3. B→D→C→A
4. B→D→A→C

3) B→D→C→A

What happens when cells (that contain genetic
information for traits & proteins) get worn out or
destroyed? Do we lose these cells forever?

Those cells get replaced as cells divide in mitosis

How do we grow new cells during periods of
physical growth?

During mitosis which is the process of cell division

If cancer gives us more cells, why isn't that a
good thing? For example, wouldn't more
white blood cells (i.e., immune cells) just give
us a greater ability to fight infection?

Immune cells fight infections and disease but when the cell cycle isn’t able to regulate cell division it causes cancer.

Why is angiogenesis necessary for cancer growth?

This feeds the cancer with nutrients for cell division which allows the cancer to grow.

Why is metastasis necessary for aggressive cancer? Why would cancer be more easily treatable if metastasis did not happen?

It’s necessary because through metastasis the cancer is able to spread throughout the body.

Given this info, how many chromosomes would Jared’s children obtain from him?

A. 23 chromosomes

B. 46 chromosomes

C. I don’t know

A. 23 chromosomes

What is the process of how offspring acquire egg and sperm cells?

meiosis

Who determines the sex of a fetus? Male of female?

the males because they can donate either an X or Y. The females can only donate an X chromosome.

Moreover, if offspring gets 50% of its DNA from female donor and 50% from male donor, why don’t siblings look identical in general?

siblings don’t look the same because of Genetic variation due to Crossing Over & Independent Assortment!

What is crossing over?

shuffling of genetic material to create new gene combinations between **homologous pairs** of chromosomes on single chromosome

* Resulting chromatids are different from one another
* Each chromatid will end up in different sex cell
* Contributes to genetic variation
* Happens with all chromosomes except male sex chromosomes

what is independent assortment?

different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

* two equally probable arrangements at Metaphase I give rise to different chromosome combinations

How do you calculate the amount of possible sperm cells? or an other cell?

2 to the power of number of chromsosome pairs

ex) 2^4 = 16 possible sperm

Based on our understanding of epigenetics & Day’s article, which of the following is true? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY


A. African American and White women are likely biologically/genetically more different than similar.


B. African American and White women are likely biologically/genetically more similar than different.


C. African American women may have more environmental harm & intergenerational trauma than white women that causes higher mortality rates for African American women with cancer.


D. White women may have more environmental harm & intergenerational trauma than African American women that causes higher mortality rates for white women with cancer.


E. Gene expression between African American and white women are different based on epigenetic factors.

B, C, E

what is the nervous system made up of?

It’s made up of 2 parts.

central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

what is the central nervous system?

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

what is the Peripheral Nervous system?

Consists of nerves entering and exiting the CNS.

Which of the following is VOLUNTARILY CONTROLLED? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY


A. How fast your heart beats during sleep
B. Changing blood flow to parts of the body when exercising
C. Raising your arm
D. Waving your hand
E. Blushing
F. Breathing

C, D,

sometimes F because you can hold your breath

what are the 2 parts of the peripheral nervous system?

Autonomic and somatic

What is the automatic system?

controls involuntary action of internal organs and glands

what is the somatic system?

control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

what are the 2 parts of the autonomic system?

sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS)

what is the sympathetic system?

arousing: fight or flight

what is the parasympathetic (PNS) system?

calming: rest or digest

Put these in the following order in which they occur regarding neuron communication.

1\. Another action potential is propagated from the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors

2. Neurotransmitter (chemical signal) is released from vesicles to synaptic cleft

3\. First action potential (electrical signal) is sent down axon of presynaptic neuron

4\. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic neuron


A. 1, 4, 2, 3
B. 1, 4, 3, 2
C. 3, 2, 4, 1
D. 3, 1, 2, 4

C. 3, 2, 4, 1

What kind of transport mechanisms is shown here?

(dopamine released by presynaptic neuron into synapse)

exocytosis

Since hormones are released into bloodstream,
their effects are:

A. Localized, like neurotransmitters
B. Localized, unlike neurotransmitters
C. Widespread, like neurotransmitters
D. Widespread, unlike neurotransmitters

D. Widespread, unlike neurotransmitters

components of the nervous sytem

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

communication in nervous system

both electrical & chemical

Transmission in nervous system

Nerve (electrical) impulses are transmitted through
neurons.

Transport in nervous system

Nerve impulses make use of the neurotransmitters at
synaptic clefts.

control of nervous system

The nervous system is under both voluntary &
involuntary control.

responses in nervous system

Responses are localized.

conduction in nervous system

Fast conduction

components of the endocrine system

Glands & organs are involved in the endocrine system

communication in endocrine system

Hormones are the chemical messengers in the endocrine system.

Transmission in endocrine system

Hormones are transmitted through blood vessels.

Tranport in endocrine system

Hormones enter the target cells by diffusing through
the plasma membrane or by binding to the cell
receptors.

control in endocrine system

The endocrine system is under involuntary control.

responses in the endocrine system

responses are widespread

conduction in endocrine system

slow conduction

Is the regulation of of Release of Hormones by the Hypothalamo- pituitary (HP) track an

an example of a positive or negative feedback loop?

A. Positive

B. Negative

B. Negative

Applying Thyroid Hormones to Feedback Loops

Thyroid gland releases hormones that ..?

regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

hypothyroidism symptoms

* decreased metabolism
* cold intolerance
* decreased sweating
* depression and irritability
* irregular and heavy periods
* slow heart rate
* weight gain
* constipation
* puffy face

hyperthyroidism symptoms

* fast metabolism
* weight loss
* short and light periods
* puffy or bulging eyes
* racing heart
* diarrhea
* increased sweating
* heat intolerance
* nervousness and anxiety

shared symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

* fatigue
* insomnia
* hair loss

short term stress response:

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine:

\-Heartbeat and blood pressure increase

-Blood glucose level rises

\-Muscles become energized

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(sympathetic response: flight or fight)

long term stress response:

* increases blood glucose
* breakdown of protein for energy
* breakdown of fat for energy

(prolonged fight or flight response)

What are the key symptoms of Hypercortilosm/ crushings syndrome?

Hypertension, weight gain,
weakness, abnormal hair growth

What are the key symptoms of hypocortisolism / Addison’s syndrome?

Hypotension, weight loss,
weakness, abnormal hair growth

What is the neuromuscular junction?

the region where a neuron interacts with a muscle cell

What membrane transport method would ACh use in the neuromuscular junction & why?

A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Endocytosis
E. Exocytosis

E. Exocytosis

Knowing that no energy is being used, what membrane transport method would Na+ use in the neuromuscular junction & why?

A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Endocytosis
E. Exocytosis

B. Facilitated diffusion

Knowing that ACh must be released to promote muscle contraction, what effect will botulinum toxin have on muscles if ACh cannot be released? Why?

A. Sustained contraction

B. Sustained relaxation

B. Sustained relaxation

How do cells get energy?

When a cell needs to release a bit of energy to get work done, it will break off the last phosphate in ATP and place that phosphate onto another molecule

How is ATP replenished?

Since cells are constantly using ATP to power work, need to replenish ATP

* Cells convert chemical energy in food (glucose, etc.) to cellular energy called ATP
* ATP is recycled from ADP and P

In this diagram of ATP-ADP cycle, which letter
represents energy release?

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A or B

B

Which of the following is true about energy
(select all that apply)?

A. ATP is like a retirement account in that it is a long-term energy storage molecule.

B. A phosphate bond within ATP must be broken to release energy for work.

C. Aerobic respiration can provide several hours of energy.

D. Glycolysis is only an aerobic process.

B, C

what enzyme breaks down ACh?

Acetylcholinesterase

Steps of the filament theorey (excitation-contracting coupling)?

1\.Action potential arrives at NMJ=ACh released & binds to receptors causing Na+ to rush into & K+ to rush out of muscle cell

2\. The movement of these ions (Na+ & K+) into and out of cell triggers a new action potential (AP) along sarcolemma & down t- tubules

3\. Triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

4\. Ca2+ binds to actin

5\. Contraction occurs when myosin head pulls on actin via phosphate removal of ATP (ATP to ADP)

6\. Ca2+ is removed and recycled back into SR when action potential ends

7. Muscle relaxes

If exercising more than a few minutes, your muscle cells are relying on _____ respiration to generate ATP.

A. Aerobic B. Anaerobic

A. Aerobic

ATP production during exercise happens in the:
A. Mitochondria
B. Muscle cell
C. Nerve cell
D. Neuromuscular junction

A. Mitochondria

what are arteries?

carry blood away from heart to capillaries

* Arteries carry oxygenated blood

what are capillaries ?

permit exchange of material (nutrients, waste, etc.) w/ the tissues

* Vessels involved in gas exchange

what are veins?

Veins: return blood back to heart

* Veins & venules deoxygenated blood

what is the systemic circuit?

* Systemic arteries: blood rich in O2 delivered to tissues and organs


* systemic veins: O2 poor

what is the pulmonary circuit?

* Pulmonary arteries carry O2 poor blood to lungs for gas exchange
* Pulmonary veins return freshly oxygenated blood from lungs to heart → pumped back into systemic

Do Arteries have blood with high or low blood pressure?

blood under high pressure

do arteries have thick or thin walls?

Thick walls b/c they contract to regulate blood flow

Do arteries have smooth or pulsatile flow?

pulsatile flow

Do arteries have narrow lumen w/high or low pressure?

narrow lumen = higher pressure

do arteries have valves ?

valves are not present

Do arteries have rich co2 or o2 blood?

Blood (generally) rich in O2