BIOL 310 Physiology Final

skeletal muscle composition

striated multinucleate cells

cardiac muscle

striated uninucleate cells joined by intercalated discs, contractile

smooth muscle

uninucleate lack striations

muscle origin

muscle attachment closest to the stationary bone

muscle insertion

Movable attachment point of a muscle.

flexor

brings bone together

extensor

moves bone away

myocites

muscle cells

satelite cells

stem cells that build and repair muscle cells

fascicles

bundled muscle fibers surrounding connective tissue sheets

sarcolemma

muscle cell membrane

sarcoplasm

muscle cell ICF

sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium

myofibril

muscle fibers responsible for contraction

t tubules

infoldings of sarcolemma

cisternae

endings of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

actin

thin filament

myosin

thick filament

regulate muscle contraction

tryponin and trypomyosin

muscle contraction

generation of force by muscle

muscle relaxation

Ca removed from ICF ending the active force generating process

load

force or weight opposing contraction

crossbridge cycling

how the molecular components of muscle interact to cause contraction

excitation coupling

how stimulation from a motor neuron causes contraction

motor division

single excitatory CNS neuron connects to the skeletal muscle

neuromuscular junction

axon terminals with motor neurons synapse at the motor end plate

motor end plate

region of sarcolemma with a lot of AcH receptors

acetylcholine binds to

nicotinic receptors

systole

contraction

dystole

Relaxation

Late diastole

ventricles fill passively and the chambers are relaxed

Atrial systole

contraction forces a small amount of blood into ventricles

heart sound S1

AV close, pressure greater in ventricle than atrium

end diastolic volume EDV

max vol of blood in ventricle

isovolumic ventricular contraction

AV valves close

stroke volume

vol blood ejected from heart in a contraction

Ventricular ejection

ventricular pressure rises above that of the arteries and blood is ejected

Isovolumic ventricular contraction

ventricle pressure decreases and semilunar valves close

cardiac cycle

late diastole, atrial systole, isovolumic ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumic ventricular contraction

cardiac output

vol blood ejected by one ventricle at a point in time

contraction force depends on

contractility and lenght

contractility

sensitivity to ca

tunica intima

blood vessel endothelium inner layer

tunica media

vascular smooth muscle responsible for vasoconstriction/dilation

`tunica externa

outer layer of connective tissue

arteries

thick layers of vascular smooth muscle and connective tissue, a pressure reservoir

arterioles

more muscular and provide resistance against vasoconstriction/dilation

metarterioles

Short vessels that link arterioles and capillaries

capillaries

exchange between blood and muscles

venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

veins

bring blood to the heart less elastic than arteries

continuous capillaries

have leaky junctions for exchange to occur, ie muscle

fenestrated capillaries

poors, ie kidneys

paracellular transport

fluid/ solutes move around cells and through poors

endothelial transport

fluid/ solutes move through cells via diffusion

transcytosis

vesicles carry large molecules across cells

lymphatic system

returns fluid and protein to the blood and protects from pathogens

edema

accumulation of fluid in interstitial space due to inadequate draining

septum

heart left and right halves

atrium

recieves blood, thin walls

ventricles

pump blood out, thick walls

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

pulmonary circulation

Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

coronary circulation

supplies blood to the heart

pericardium

fluid filled sac that encompasses the lungs

atrioventricular valves

separate the atria from the ventricles

semilunar valves

separate ventricles from arteries

long refractory periods

prevent summation and tetanus

pacemaker potential

spontaneous depolarization of autorhythmic cells to trigger action potential

P wave

atrial depolarization

P R segment

conduction through AV node and AV bundle

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

S T segment

time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

hydrostatic pressure

pressure of a liquid against its container walls

velocity of flow

The distance a fixed volume of blood travels in a given period of time

systolic pressure

peak pressure in arteries from ventricular contraction

diastolic pressure

min pressure in arteries from ventricular relaxation

pulse pressure

systole-diastole

peripheral resistance

opposition to blood flow caused by friction of the blood vessel walls

baroreceptors

sensory receptors in aorta and carotid artery that sense blood pressure

orthostatic hypotension

low blood pressure in the head when you move from lying down

kidneys

filter blood and modify plasma into urine

ureters

pass urine from kidney to bladder

urinary bladder

stores pee until micturition

urethra

passes urine from bladder to toilet

nephron

microscopic tubules responsible for creating urine

cortical nephrons

85% of nephrons, short loops in cortex

juxtaglomerular nephrons

Glomerulinear the Long loops of Henle

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Specialized cells next to the glomerulus that help to regulate blood pressure and filtration

70% of filtrate is reabsorbed at the

proximal tube

20% of filtrate is reabsorbed at the

loop of henle

9% of filtrate is reabsorbed at the

distal tube

we produce _L urine per day

1.5

filtration barriers of the renal corpuscle

glomerular capillary walls, basement membrane, podocytes

macula densa cells

detect salt in filtrate

granular cells

secrete the enzyme renin

transport maximum

transport rate at saturation

saturation

maximum rate of transport when all carriers are occupied with substrate

renal threshold

the plasma concentration at which a solute first appears in the urine due to saturation