AP Physics 2 Final Review

1C=1K

Which two temperature changes are equivalent?

295K

The temperature in your classroom is closest to

800J

A certain gas is compressed adiabatically. The amount of work done on the gas is 800J. What is the change in the internal (thermal) energy of the gas?

is zero

A cyclic process is carried out on an ideal gas such that it returns to its initial state at the end of a cycle, as shown in the pV diagram in the figure. If the process is carried out in a clockwise sense around the enclosed areas, as shown on the figure, then the change of internal energy over the full cycle

The work done by the gas

A cyclic process is carried carried out on an ideal gas such that it returns to its initial state at the end of a cycle, as shown in the pV diagram in the figure. If the process is carried out in a clockwise sense around the enclosed area, as shown on the figure, then the magnitude of the enclosed area represents

All of these statements are false

Which of the following is a true statement?

Disorder in the universe is increasing with the passage of time

The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude that

Two adiabatic and two isothermal

A carnot cycle consists of

No engine can be more efficient than a carnot engine operating between the same two temperature.

An important feature of the Carnot cycle is that

The entropy of an isolated system must be conserved

Which of the following is a false statement?

increase

An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion. During this process, its entropy

decreases

When water at 0C freezes, the entropy of the water

Curve downward

As shown in the figure, a bimetallic strip, consisting of metal G on the top and metal H on the bottom, is rigidly attached to a wall at the left. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for metal G is greater than that of metal H. If the strip is uniformly heated, it will

Specific heat

If you wanted to know how much the temperature of a particular piece of material would rise when a known amount of heat was added to it, which of the following quantities would be most helpful to know?

It is impossible to tell without knowing the masses

A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper, with the aluminum and the copper in thermal contact. Which object experiences the greater temperature change during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

12ΔT

Object 1 has three times the specific heat capacity and four times the mass of object 2. The two objects are given the same amount of heat. If the temperature of object 1 changes by an amount ΔT, the change in temperature of object 2 will be

1/12Q

Object 1 has three times the specific heat capacity and four times the mass of object 2. The two objects are heated from the same initial temperature, T0, to the same final temperature, Tf. During this process, if object 1 absorbs heat Q, the amount of heat absorbed by object 2 will

3.5

The figure shows a graph of the temperature of a pure substance as a function of time as heat is added to it at a constant rate in a closed container. If Lf is the latent heat of fusion of this substance and Lv is its latent heat of vaporization, what is the value of the ratio Lv/Lf?

50W

A solid cylindrical bar conducts heat at a rate of 25 W from a hot to a cold reservoir under steady state conditions. If both the length and the diameter of this bar are doubled, the rate at which it will conduct heat between these reservoirs will be

Less than the heat conducted with the rods in parallel

Two metal rods are to be used to conduct heat from a region at 100 degrees C to a region at 0 degrees C as shown in the figure. The rods can be placed in parallel, as shown on the left, or in series, as on the right. When steady state flow is established, the heat conducted in the series arrangement is

Graph C

An architect in interested in estimating the rate of heat loss, ΔQ/Δt, through a sheet of insulating material as a function of the thickness of the sheet. Assuming fixed temperatures on the two faces of the sheet and steady state heat flow, which one of the graphs shown in the figure best represents the rate of heat transfer as a function of the thickness of the insulating sheet?

Thermal conductivity

On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical properties of these materials?

Convection

The process in which heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is known as

Ta=1/2Tb

Two containers of equal volume each hold samples of the same ideal gas. Container A has twice as many molecules as container B. If the gas pressure is the same in the two containers, the correct statement regarding the absolute temperatures Ta and Tb in containers A and B respectively is

radiation

By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the sun warm the Earth?

2v

An ideal gas is held in a container of volume V at pressure p. The rms speed of a gas molecule under these conditions is v. If now the volume and pressure are changed to 2V and 2p, the rms speed of a molecule will be

v

The root-mean-square speed of the molecules of an ideal gas is v. The gas is now slowly one half its original volume with no change in temperature. What is the root-mean-square speed of the molecules now?

v√2

A sample of an ideal gas is heated and its kelvin temperature doubles. If the root-mean-square speed of its molecules was originally v, what is the new root-mean-square speed?

The average kinetic energy of its molecules

The absolute of an ideal gas is directly proportional to which of the following quantities?

4T

The absolute temperature of a gas is T. In order to double the rms speed of its molecules, what should be the new absolute temperature?

5R/2

A certain ideal gas has molar specific heat at constant pressure of 7R/2. What is its molar specific heat at constant volume?

24.9 J/mol

A certain ideal gas has a molar specifc heat at constant pressure of 33.2 J/mol K. Its molar specific heat at constant volume is closest to which of the following values? (R=8.3 J/mol K)

The internal thermal energy of the gas increases

When a gas expands adiabatically,

Three times as large as the initial volume

An ideal gas is compressed isothermally to one-third of its initial volume. The resulting pressure will be

Equal to the inital value

An ideal gas is compressed isobarically to one-third of its initial volume. The resulting pressure will be

The gas must release heat to its surroundings

In a given reversible process, the temperature of an ideal gas is kept constant as the gas is compressed to a smaller volume. Which one of the following statements about the gas is correct?

Isothermal compression

The process shown on the TV graph in the figure is an

Isobaric expansion

The process shown on the pV diagram in the figure is an (horizontal line pointing to the right)

Isochoric

The process shown on the pV diagram in the figure is (vertical line pointing upwards)

Process A

Two processes are shown on the pV diagram in the figure. One of them is an adiabat and the other one is an isotherm. Which process is the isotherm?

3p0V0

A gas is taken through the cycle shown in the pV diagram in the figure. During one cycle, how much work is done by the gas?

Va/Vb=4/3

Substance A has a density of 3 g/cm³ and substance B has a density of 4g/cm³. In order to obtain equal masses of these two substances, what must be the ratio of the volume of A to the volume of B?

8p

A styrofoam sphere of radius R has a density p. You now carefully compress the sphere, so its radius is R/2. What is the density of the compressed sphere?

4p

When a box rests on a round sheet of wood on the ground, it exerts an average pressure p on the wood. If the wood is replaced by a sheet that has half the diameter of the original piece, what is the new average pressure?

F

When a heavy metal block is supported by a cylindrical vertical post of radius R, it exerts a force F on the post. If the diameter of the original piece, what is the new average pressure?

Pressure is the same at each of the labeled points

As shown in the figure, fluid fills a container having several sections. At which of the indicated points is the pressure the greatest?

Greatest on the bottom of the brick

Consider a brick that is totally immersed in water, with the long edge of the brick vertical. The pressure on the brick is

Directly linear graph from origin

A cubical block of stone is lowered at a steady rate into the ocean by a crane, always keeping the top and bottom faces horizontal. Which one of the following graphs best describes the gauge pressure p on the bottom of this block as a function of time t if the block just enters the water at time t=0?

increases

An air bubble underwater has the same pressure as that of the surrounding water. As the air bubble rises toward the surface, the volume of the air bubble?

Direct linear line

A cubical block of stone is lowered at a steady rate into the ocean by a crane, always keeping the top and bottom faces horizontal. Which one of the following graphs best describes the absolute (total) pressure p on the bottom of this block as a function of time if the block just enters the water at time t=0 seconds?

The liquid water level remains flush with the rim of the glass

A waiter fills your water glass with ice water such that the liquid water is perfectly level with the rim of the glass, As ice melts

Remain where it is released

A wooden block contains some nails so that its density is exactly equal to that of water. If it is placed in a tank of water and released from rest when it is completely submerged, it will

Falls

A boat loaded with rocks is floating in a swimming pool. If the rocks are thrown into the pool, the water level in the pool, after the rocks have settled to the bottom,

The buoyant force is the same in both cases

Saltwater has greater density than fresh water. A boat floats in both fresh water and in salt water. Where is the buoyant force greater on the boat?

Floating in the mercury

A steel ball sinks in water but floats in a pool of mercury, which is much denser than water. Where is the buoyant force on the ball greater?

The aluminum

A 10 kg piece of aluminum sits at the bottom of a lake, right next to a 10 kg piece of lead, which is much denser than aluminum. Which one has greater buoyant force on it?

It goes down

A piece of iron rests on top of a piece of wood floating in a bathtub. If the iron is removed from the wood, and kept out of the water, what happens to the water level in the tub?

The buoyant force first increases, then remains constant

As a rock sinks deeper and deeper into water of constant density, what happens to the buoyant force on it if it started above the surface of water?

Line from origin, then horizontal

A cubical block of stone is lowered at a steady rate into the ocean by a crane, always keeping the top and bottom faces horizontal. Which one of the following graphs best describes the buoyant force B on this block as a function of time t if the block just enters the water at time t=0s?

The iron

A 50cm³ block of wood is floating on water and a 50cm³ chunk of iron is totally submerged in the water. Which one has the greater buoyant force on it?

The air above the paper moves faster and the pressure is lower.

When you blow some air above a paper strip, the paper rises. This happens because

Point B

Water flows through a pipe. The diameter of the pipe at point B is larger than at point A. Where is the water pressure greatest?

False

Electrically neutral objects cannot exert an electrical force on each other, but they can exert a gravitational force on each other

The objects could be electrically neutral

If two objects are electrically attracted to each other,

Is repelled by the sphere

A plastic rod is charged up by rubbing a wool cloth, and brought to an initially neutral metallic sphere that is insulated from the ground. It is allowed to touch the sphere for a few seconds, and then is separated from the sphere by a small distance. After the rod is separated, the rod

X is negative and Y is positive

X and Y are two initially uncharged metal spheres on insulating stands, and they are in contact with each other. A positively charged and rod R is brought close to X as shown in part (a) of the figure. Sphere Y is now moved away from X, shown in part (b). What are the final charge states of X and Y?

Sphere #1 carries positive charge and #2 carries negative charge

Two uncharged metal spheres, #1 and #2, are mounted on insulating support rods. A third metal sphere, carrying a positive charge, is then placed near #2. Now a copper wire is momentarily connected between #1 and #2 and then removed. Finally, sphere #3 is removed. In this final state,

The sphere near the charged rod becomes positive and the other one becomes negative

A negatively charged rod is brought close to (but does not touch) two neutral spheres that are in contact with each other but insulated from the ground. If the two spheres are then separated, what kind of charge will be on the spheres?

The force on A is exactly equal to the force on B

Two tiny beads are 25cm apart with no other charges or fields present. Bead A carries 10 μC of charge and bead B carries 1 μC. Which one of the following statements is true about the magnitudes of the electric forces on these beads?

2d

A small charged plastic ball is vertically above another charged small ball in a frictionless test tube as shown in the figure. The balls are in equilibrium a distance d apart. If the charge on each ball is doubled, the equilibrium distance between the balls in the test tube would become

The electrical force experienced by the hydrogen nucleus is to the left, and the magnitude to the left, and the magnitude is equal to the force exerted on the carbon nucleus

A hydrogen nucleus, which has a charge +e, is situated to the left of a carbon nucleus, which has a charge +6e. Which statement is true?

1/4F

Two identical small charged spheres are a certain distance apart, and each one initially experiences an electrostatic force of magnitude F due to the other. With time, charge gradually diminishes on both spheres by leaking off. When each of the spheres has lost half its initial charge, what will be the magnitude of the electrostatic force on each one?

Remains the same

Two point charges Q1 and Q2 are separated by a distance R. If the magnitudes of both charges are doubled and their separation is also doubled, what happens to the electrical force that each charge exerts on the other one?

B pointing at empty corner

Three equal charges +Q are at three of the corners of a square of side d. A fourth charge +Q of equal magnitude is at the center of the square as shown in the figure. Which one of the arrows shown represents the net force acting on the charge at the center of the square?

A

Four point charges of equal magnitude but with varying signs are arranged on three of the corners and at the center of the square of side d as shown in the figure. Which one of the arrows shown represents the net force acting on the center charge?

D

Four point charges Q of equal magnitude and sign are arranged on three of the corners of the square of side d as shown in the figure. Which one of the arrows shown represents the net force acting on the charge at the upper right-hand corner of the square?

They are closer to the initial position of the proton that to the initial position of the electron

An electron and a proton are released simultaneously from rest and start moving toward each other due to their electrostatic attraction, with no other forces present. Which of the following statements are true just before they are about to collide?

C

Two equal and opposite charges are a small distance apart, forming an electric dipole. A positive charge +q is placed above these charges, as shown in the figure, equidistant from both of them. Which diagram below best gives the direction of the net force the dipole exerts on the charge +q?

C

Two small identically charged balls are a certain distance apart. The vectors in the figure show the magnitude and direction of the electrostatic force on each ball due to the other one. Suppose the charge on the left ball is now doubled. Which vector diagram, below best represents the forces that now act on each of the two balls?

Trajectory Z

An electron is initially moving to the right when it enters a uniform electric field directed upwards, as shown in the figure. Which trajectory (X, Y, Z, or W) will the electron follow in the field?

Upwards and to the left

Four tiny charged particles are distributed on the x and y axes as shown in the figure. Each charge is equidistant from the origin. In which direction is the net electric field at the point P on the y-axis?

VW

The figure shows two unequal charges +q and -Q has greater magnitude than charge +q. Point X is midway between the charges. In what section of the line will there be a point where the resultant electric field is zero?

Double the charge to 2Q

The electric field at point P due to a point charge Q a distance R away from P has magnitude E. In order to double the magnitude of the field at P you could

A Toward empty corner

Three equal positive point charges +q are placed at the corners of a square of side d as shown in the figure. Which one of the arrows shown represents the direction of the net electric field at the center of the square?

C toward middle corner

Three equal negative point charges -q are placed at three of the corners of a square of side d as shown in the figure. Which one of the arrows shown represents the direction of the net electric field at the center of the square?

B

Three equal magnitude point charges of varying signs are placed at three of the corners of a square of side d as shown in the figure. Which one of the arrows shown represents the direction of the net electric field at the vacant corner of the square?

Only i

The figure shows electric field lines arising from two small charged particles P and Q. Consider the following two statements: (i) The charge on P is smaller than the charge on Q. (ii) The electrostatic force on P is smaller than the force on Q. Which of the above statements are true?

q1 is negative and q2 is positive; the magnitude of q1 is less than the magnitude of q2

Two stationary point charges q1 and q2 are shown in the figure along with a sketch of some field lines representing the electric field produced by them. What can you deduce from the sketch?

The top surface is charged positively

A solid aluminum cube rests on a wooden table in a region where a uniform external electric field is directed straight upward. What can we say concerning the charge on the top surface of the cube?

A

Which one of the arrows shown in the figure best represents the direction of the electric field between the two uniformly charged metal plates?

An electric potential difference

If the result of your calculation of a quantity has SI unites kgm²/(s²C), that quantity could be

It is moving from high potential to low potential and losing electric potential energy

As a proton moves in the direction of the electric field lines

It is moving from high potential to low potential and gaining electric potential energy

As an electron moves in the direction of the electric field lines

Both electric potential energy remains constant

As a proton moves in a direction perpendicular to the electric field lines

V0√2

A proton is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V0 and gains a speed V0. If it were accelerated instead through a potential difference of 2V0, what speed would it gain?

Energy

The electron-volt is a unit of

Zero

Four charged particles are arranged in the xy-plane, as shown in the figure. These particles are all equidistant from the origin. The electric potential at point P on the z-axis due to these particles is

400V

The electric potential energy at a distance of 4m from a certain point charge is 200 V relative to infinity. What is the potential at a distance of 2m from the same charge?

12V

The potential at the midpoint of a square is 3V when a point charge of +Q is located at one of the corners of the square. What is the potential at the center when each of the other corners is also a point charge of +Q3

not on test

Two protons are released from rest, with only the electrostatic force acting. Which of the following statements must be true about them as they move apart?