History 115

City/state

polis/poleis 

Peoples of Greece

Athens

Who could only participate in the Olympics?

Greeks

Greeks colonized Egypt, France, around the Black Sea, and Italy when

ca.750-500BCE

Greeks adopted some of Romans culture from where?

Italy

When were Romans assembled?

753 BC

Classical involved whom?

Greece and Rome

Around when was the growth of the Roman empire?

240 BCE-117 CE

What was sport performed for?

health/leisure

Spectacle

to view

Arete

manly/masculine excellence

Kalokagathia

beautiful body=beautiful inside

Agon

contest or struggle (agony)

Athlos

a contest for a prize (athlete, athletics)

Gymnazo

to train naked; to train (gymnasium)

ludus

game

Shulgi: king of mesopotamian

city state, king of Ur, a historical person 

• Hymns- were writing of the kings (shulgi’s) expliots 

Mycenaeans

the ‘first Greeks’

Mycenas were discovered in

1860’s

Key sites;

Mycenae, Tiryns, pylos

Trojans war:

Greeks/Argives/Archaens vs. Under leadership of Mycenaen king, Agamemnon vs. The Trojans 

Date of Trojan war

circa 1225 BCE (late bronze age)

Homer

An epic poet

Homers poems

The written texts of Iliad and Odyssey product of 500-year oral tradition 

funeral games

(Achilles created) to honour the dead warrior; to honour dead hero, Patroklos 

Achilles

‘ best of the achaeans’, best friend of Patroklos 

Sports in the illiad

military related- chariot racing, fight in armour, spear throw

Phaeacia

place

time (tee-may)

honour, worth

kleos

fame

the three ages/period

Bronze Age 2000-1100, Dark age 1100-800, Archaic period 800-500 

Where are the four Panhellenic (all Greeks/ Hellenes) games held?

Olympia, Pythia at Delphi, Isthmia near Corinth, Nemea

chrematitic

money festivals or something of value. Prizes in civic games.

Foundation legends (aetiology)

myths assoc. With a hero or a god, or both 

• E.g. Olympics to honour Zeus and hero Pelops

Prizes

sing, Athlon, plur, Athla

Palaistra, pale

School, wrestling

Peristyle 

Peri- around 

Style- column

What was the purpose of Exedrae- rooms

seats for philosiphers

Elaiothesion

oiling room

Konisterion

dusting room

Aristotle

Philosopher, 4^th century BC

believed that education should be provided in order to produce ‘useful citizens’

The Hermaia

Festival for Hermes

The Ekecheiria

the ‘Olympic/sacred truce’

Hellanodikai

‘judges of the Greeks’ there were 9 of them. their role was to also make sure all the entries were peoples of Greek descent

stephanitic

an olive leaf crown (stephane) cut from a tree sacred to Zeus. (crown games). Prizes for Panhellenic games

epinikian odes

(= ‘for victory’), Victory poems

Erastos-

lover man

eromenos-

beloved-boy

festival Arkteia

girls run around for the goddess Artemis

The Panathenaia

a state religious festival, honored Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. Held every four years.

Amphorae

vases filled with oil pressed from olives from the sacred trees of Athena were given as prizes in the Panathenaic Games.

iconography

a branch of art history, studies the identification, description and interpretation of the content of images

how were poems read?

through song

meritocratic

a system, organization, or society in which people are chosen and moved into positions of success, power, and influence on the basis of their demonstrated abilities and merit

Who helps Diomedes in the chariot race and Odysseus in the footrace in the Iliad?

Athena

local (civic) games decided victors by……

‘style points’

Civic games included

dancing in armor, chariot dismounting, torch racing, male beauty, wine drinking, cheese stealing, team events, and more.

Hellenic

Greek

gymnasion

“place for nudity,”

what did the victors list comprise of? Who are the two people that put it together?

stadion (footracing) winners. Hippias of Elis in the late fifth century BCE, Aristotle.

how often did the games at Olympia occur?

every 4 years and for a course of 5 days.

pankration

ancient Greek sports event that combined boxing and wrestling (brutal). Athletes could not gouge or bite.

Olympia events

three footraces, with a race in armor, pentathlon, two combat events (boxing and wrestling), with the pankration, four-horse chariot race, and a horseback race

Pentathlon events

broad jump, discus, javelin, running, and wrestling. The jump, discus, and javelin were held at Olympia only as part of the pentathlon

Pentathlon events: Javelin

A leather thong, held by the fingers and wrapped around the middle of the javelin but not fastened to it, imparted a rifling effect to improve distance and accuracy.

Pentathlon events: The jump

athletes used metal or stone jumping weights (halteres, shaped rather like dumbbells) to improve distances

A ‘bye’

a pass on a match-up because of a different weight class

thongs

wrapped their hands and wrists (but not their upper fingers) with thin ox-hide leather straps

the four-horse chariot race that Kyniska was the first woman to win.

(tethrippon)

What do Athletes have to do in Elis?

They have to train for a month before heading to Olympia

gymnikoi agones

nude male athletes competed

hippodromia

an oval stadium for horse and chariot races in ancient Greece.

eiselasis

the honor entrance an athletes gets back to their hometown after winning in the Panhellenic games.

What did Pindar write?

Epinikian odes (victory poems)

Agon (pl. agones)

Gathering, assembly; in an athletic context: competition, games

Sport was used to honour……

Gods (e.g. Olympia for Zeus)

Age categories:

paides- boys (7-14), neaniskoi- youth (13-17), epheboi- young men (18+)

The Hermaia

name of a festival. Festival for Hermes (armoured race)

Plato’s Lysis:

the palaistra and the erotic's of education 

What did Pausanias do?

gave a description of Greece, in 2^nd c. CE

When did textual sources from Greek and Roman authors start to appear?

6^th BCE-4^th CE

Trad. Date of first olympics

776 BCE in Olympic victor lists; (challenged) around 8th century

when was there growth/development in ancient Greece?

8^th c. BCE

When does Olympia with athletic comepetitions start?

Olympia with athletic competitions starts ca. 700 BCE (archaic period) 

Olympia was first a _____ site, then became a site for _____?

religious, games

Olympia only recognized two categories of men

andres (men) and paides (boys)

The Temple of Hera stored what?

olive crowns that were given to the victors

What were the three kinds of Olympic events?

Running events, Barea athla (heavy events), and the Pentathalon.

what kinds of running events were there?

Stadion, diaulos- 2xstadion, dolichos- long course(there and back), hoplitodromos (run in armour) 

what kinds of heavy events were there?

Barea athla (heavy events)(wrestling- pale and boxing- pyx, Pankration: ‘all powerful’, violence)

music contests were held at…..

Delphi and Isthmia

Who killed the lion at Nemea

Herakles

who brought back the Nemea games

Phillip- father of Alexander the Great

who was an athlete that was also known as a hero

Theagenes of Thasos

How were athletes commemorated?

• epinikian odes (victory poems)

• Pausanias described Olympia, wrote down victors of other games

• statues w inscribed bases

• Victors list

a monument is the combination of what?

statue+ inscribed base

boxing

pyx

Lakedomania

woman in the area of sparta

What are kalos inscriptions and where were they found?

Kalos inscriptions were used to say who they thought was beautiful (could have been written for themselves) “’name’, is beautiful”. They were found in the tunnel at Nemea where athletes walked through.

Agones euandria

‘male beauty contest’