Human Biology Final Exam

The atomic mass of an element represents the

mass of protons & neutrons

A bond formed when 2 atoms share electrons is a

covalent bond

A substance that releases H+ iron and decreases the pH when added to water is a

base

A pH of 8 indicates that a solution is

basic

Regulation of body temperature, pH and electrolytes within an organism are an example of

homeostasis

The smallest unit of life is the

cell

Compounds formed with 2 oppositely charged atoms bond form an

ionic bond

Buffer Systems in the body help to maintain homeostasis by controlling the

pH level

The nucleic acids like DNA & RNA in our body responsible for

heredity and protein synthesis

What is the nucleus

control center containing the DNA

What proteins would be found in the cell membrane?

transport, receptor, ID recognition proteins, adhesion proteins

Facilitated diffusion

solutes diffuse across the cell membrane using transport proteins

Osmosis

diffusion of water across the cell membrane

Active transport

solutes move across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient requiring ATP

Stage where Glucose is broken down to 2 molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm

glycolysis

The body cavity that contains the lungs and heart is the

thoracic

A pore in the skin is an opening of a

sweat duct

Ultraviolet radiation causes the tanning of the skin by stimulating the production of a brown pigment called

melanin

A mechanism that reverses an altered homeostasis condition such as lowering an elevated body temperature is negative or positive feedback?

Negative

The bones of the wrist (carpus) and ankle (Tarsus) are classified as what kind of bone?

short bones

The type of muscle that has branched cells, single nuclei and are involuntary are

cardiac muscle

the connective tissue covering of a muscle continues to attach to a bone and is called a

tendon

The wall of the stomach and urinary bladder contain which type of muscle?

Smooth

Closing of heart valves causes

the heart sound

For large wounds, hemostasis (clotting) is accomplished by a meshwork of protein strands called

fibrin

Lack of blood flow causing damage to the heart muscle results in a what?

heart attack

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the

Tricuspid Valve

The structures within the heart that prevent backflow are the

valves

A disease causing organism is called a

Pathogen

The part of the second line of defense that is an acute, nonspecific response to tissue damage including heat, swelling, pain and redness is

inflammation

What tries to prevent pathogens from entering the body?

1st line of defense

cytotoxic T and helper T cells are associated with what immunity?

cell mediated immunity

when we are exposed to the same antigens a 2nd time, the cells that are responsible for the rapid production of antibody are the

memory cells

Vaccinating a child against a disease is meant to

stimulate a primary response

A reaction to a substance that most people' immune system ignored results in an

allergy

In lupus erythematous & rheumatoid arthritis an immune system recognizes its own cells as foreign and produces an

Autoimmune disease

B lymphocytes mature in which organ?

bone marrow

Where are the vocal folds located?

Larynx

The volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation is

residual volume

Increasing the concentration of oxygen in the inhaled air will

increase diffusion of oxygen into the blood

The swallowing reflex starts when food enters the

pharynx

How many deciduous teeth develop in a human child?

20

What produces hydrochloric acid and pepsin?

Stomach

What produces a watery product with enzyme for the breakdown of carbohydrates

salivary glands

What organ produces bile?

Liver

What produces enzymes for the digestion of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates?

Pancreas

Most absorption and digestion of nutrients occurs within the

small intestine

Major substance absorbed in the large intestine or colon is

water

Inorganic nutrients required for proper cell function are the

minerals

Between the shoulder and elbow you find

humorous

After making an observation of a natural event and questioning its cause, a scientist will next

come up with a hypothesis

To have a valid experiment do you have to limit the number of variables and have a control group?

Yes

The nucleus of an atom is composed of

Protons and Neutrons

Atoms of elements are electrically neutral because they contain the same number of

protons and electrons

Combination of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds is called

a compound or molecule

Chemical bonds are important because they store

energy

Is glucose classified as a lipid?

Yes

The shape of a cell is primarily determined by the cells

function

What is the organelle with the function of the Modification & packaging of proteins & lipids for secretion or use in cell?

Golgi Apparatus

Proteins that function as transport/channels, receptors, and ID recognition protein's can all be found within the

cell membrane

chromatin and chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell and are made of

DNA

solutes move across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient which requires energy

active transport

net movement of molecules/ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

diffusion

What molecule contains the code for protein synthesis?

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The type of tissue that has a lot of intercellular material called matrix formed from fibers and ground substance is

connective tissue

This tissue that specializes in protection, absorption, and secretion is

epithelium

What type of connective tissue has fibroblasts as the major cell type?

loose and dense

The moist membrane that line openings to the outside of the body like the mouth and nostrils is the

mucous membrane

The pharynx is connected to the nasal cavity superiorly and inferiorly to the

esophagus & larynx

Is the trachea part of the larynx?

no

What part of the tubular respiratory tree within the lungs lacks cartilage rings in its walls?

bronchioles

The thin, wet membrane over the surface of the lungs and lining the ribcage is

pleura

What substance in the respiratory tract traps dust and prevents it from entering the lungs?

mucus

The portion of the respiratory tract where sinuses and tear ducts empty is the

nasal cavity

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar wall and capillary wall due to

pressure gradients

How is most oxygen is carried in the blood

bound to hemoglobin

how does the body produce carbon dioxide?

aerobic cellular respiration

What 2 physical events are responsible for inhalation?

contraction of the diaphragm and elevation of the ribs

The volume of air that exhaled after a maximal inhalation is called

vital capacity

The amount of air we inhale or exhale with each breath is called the

tidal volume

What is the lung condition called where "triggers", stimulate constriction of bronchioles making it difficult to breathe?

asthma

Is carbon dioxide excretion a function of the kidney?

no

How many Chromosomes are in a human body?

46

Germ layer that forms muscle and connective tissue is..

Mesoderm

Intertwining of the legs of chromosomes in the tetrad that break off and reattach to the homologous chromosome is called..

crossing over

What makes the difference between children of the same parents?

Crossing over and Random alignment of chromosome

Haploid cells are result of..

meiosis

What cells meiosis?

Sex cells

Chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell during which stage of mitosis?

Anaphase

DNA duplication occurs in what stage of a cell life cycle?

interphase.

empty saliva into the mouth to begin the breakdown of foods and lubricate it to assist in swallowing.

Salivary Glands

Amino Acids belong to what category of biological compounds?

proteins

function of ATP?

provide chemical energy

Sugars and starches are types of...

carbohydrates

The major energy storage in our body is

triglycerides (fat)

Mitochondira

site of ATP production in cell

Lysosome

digesting bacteria and recycling materials

tissue type that has cells classified as squamous, cuboidal and columnar is...

Epithelium

Cells trapped in compact bone are called

osteocytes

Type of motion that the angle between 2 bones to increase is called

extension