Psychology Review

Accommodation

changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

Achetylcholine (ACh)

Major Muscle memory
Alzheimer's

Acute Stress

short term stress

Amygdala

Smell, fear, aggression

Anorexia

lack or loss of appetite

Aron and Dutton Bridge Study

Attractive female surveyor asked men questions. Experimental group was on swaying suspension bridge. Men mistook their fear for sexual arousal. Control group did not call woman back as often.

arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

-motivated to do things because we seek an optimal level of arousal; we need something interesting to happen constantly
-tasks of moderate difficulty illicit the highest level of performance

Asch Experiment

experimented how people would rather conform than state their own individual answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A model for describing memory in which there are three distinguishable kinds of memory (sensory, short term, long term) through which info passes in a sequential way as it is processed.

Automatic Action

little awareness of the experience, poor memory/recall

autonomic memory

set of circumstances results in information immediately moving into long term memory without any rehearsal

Autonomic Nervous System

Unconscious
Branches off into two parts called the sympathetic (flight or fight) and parasympathetic (homeostasis)

avaliability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

Behaviorism Psychology

-Watson, Bandura, Skinner, Pavlov
-Modeling and Social Learning
-Reward and punishment
- Operant conditioning
-Insight learning
-Positive and Negative Reinforcement/Punishment
-Variable and Fixed ratio

Biological Psychology

-Genes, Neurotypical,Physiology
-Hormones, Drugs-Medical Fix

Broca's area

speech production

Bulima Nervosa (BN)

binge eating and purging

Canon Bard Theory

Assumed that emotion and the physiological arousal occur more or less at the same time

Cerebellum

muscle coordination and balance

Cerebral cortex

controls and interprets emotions

Chronic Stress

A continuous state of stressful arousal, persisting over time

Cognitive Psychology

-Tolman , Koler
-Linguistic People
-Logic, Problem Solving, Schemas, Heuristics

Communal Effort

people work together, but with little planning

Confirmation Bias

We look for things that confirm our mental sets

Correlation

-Case Study
-Survey
-Naturalistic Observation
-Relationships
-Correlation does not mean cause and effect
-No controlled Variable

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Dendrites

receive messages from other cells

Dopamine

Associated with Mood
Too much-schizophrenia
Too little-Parkinson's
Cocaine interferes with dopamine

Ebbinghaus Curve

the curve that shows how we forget 50% of what we learn within one hour of learning it if it is not put into practice

Echoing memory

auditory sensory memory

Effortful Memory

remembering that requires the deliberate and conscious use of strategies such as memory for a series of dates

Elizabeth Loftus

Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony

Endorphins

Opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to remove pain control and increase pleasure

English

More words for self focus emotion

epinephrine and norepinephrine

flight or fight response (hormones called adrenaline & noradrenaline)

Evoultionary Psychology

-Survival (Darwinism)
-Mating Practices
-Overall People Groups

Experimental

-Population
-Sample (represents the population)
-HAS TO BE LARGE
-Randomly Assigned
-The results are the dependent variable
-Has to be peer reviewed

Explicit Memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

External Incentives

the sight, sound, and smell of food

External Locus of Control (Rotter)

people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate or other people

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Flashbulb memory

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.

Framing

the way an issue is posed

Frontal Lobe

Higher level thinking
Association

functional fixedness

our tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

GABA

Slows Down CNS
Alcohol

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Glucose

Running low makes you hungry

Glutamate

Excitatory memory
Migraines
Seizures

Group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Groupthink

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

Heuristics

Shortcut, rule of thumb method of solving problems

Himpocampus

Formation of memory

Hopi Indians

No past tense

Humanistic Psychology

-Rogers, Maslow
-Self Actualization
Basic Needs
Safety
Social Belonging
Self Esteem
Self-actualization

Hypothalamus

Regulation of master gland

iconic memory

visual sensory memory

Implicit Memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

Incentive Theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

insight learning

The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known

Insulin

Removes sugar from the blood stream

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

Intrinsic Motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

James-Lange Theory

Assumed that a stimulus of some sort produces a physiological reaction and physical arousal leads to the labeling of an emotion

Japanese

More words for interpersonal emotions

Kinsey Studies

Series of sexual behavior surveys in the late 1940s and early 1950s
Revealed some highly controversial findings about the kinds of sexual behavior common among people in the United States, including:
homosexuality
premarital sex
extramarital sex

language acquisition device

Neural cognitive system that allows for learning of syntax and grammar

Lateral Hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals
LAT\=FAT

Left Hemisphere

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math

Left Temporal Lobe

Wernicke's area

Leptin

Protein produced by bloated fat cells, which send "Stop Eating" message

Letdown

The setting in of the magnitude and impact of the situation

Limbic System

Contains amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and Thalamus

Lythium

Bipolar meds

Masters and Johnson Study

Observed and measured physiological responses during all phases of sexual intercourse

Medulla

SA Nods, Heartbeat

Milgram Study

a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.

Mood Congruent Memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Motivation Theories

Instinct Theory - Motivation comes from natural selection
Drive Reduction Theory -The idea that a physiological need creates an arousal tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

Myelin sheath

increases the speed of impulse transmission
Insulating layer

Nerves

All nerves that branch off of the CNS is apart of the pns

Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath

Occipital Lobe

Vision

Orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Over-justification hypothesis

If we give extrinsic rewards or motivators for things we already love to do without a reinforcer

Parietal Lobe

Body senses
Touch
Sensory

Paul Ekman's 7 basic emotions:

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

Phoneme vs. morpheme

phoneme- in language the smallest distinctive sound unit
morpheme- smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word

Pons

Facial Expression
Sleep Regulation

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

Proactive interference (PI)

Forgetting occurs when older memories, already stored, disrupt the recall of newer memories. The degree of forgetting is greater when the memories are similar.

Psychic Numbness

shock, confusion, lack of understanding

Psychodynamic Psychology

-Freud : Individual Conscious , Jung : Collective Conscious , Adles , Horney
Key Words: Unconscious , Childhood Experience, Psychosexual Stages , Dr.Centered , Dream Analysis , Defense Mechanisms , Id, Ego, Superego , Hypnosis

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)

All types of psych work together

Recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test