TEST 1

movement

complete self-obtained part within a larger music work

concertmaster

The first-chair violinist of a symphony orchestra.

encore

"again"; an audience request that the performer(s) repeat a piece or perform another

duration

all about time (long/short); can refer to the length of individual notes or even whole songs

Dynamics (volume)

all about he volume (loud/soft); can refer to the length of individual notes or even whole songs

pitch

highness or lowness note, depending on the frequency

Frequency

The rate of vibration, or the number of sound waves per second.

Which have the higher frequency, short or long string?

short string \= vibrates faster \= higher frequency

note

music symbol denoting pitch and duration

staff

five parallel lines on which notes are written

tone color (timbre)

quality of a sound that distinguished one voice or instrument from another

melody

all about the horizontal arrangement of sounds; succession of single pitches perceived by the ear as a unity

counter melody

An accompanying melody sounded against the principal melody.

range

distance between lowest and highest pitches of melody, instrument or voice

what type of range does most children song have?

narrow range

contour

overall shape of melodic line- can move upward or downward or remain static

interval

distance and relationship between two pitches

how to describe interval size?

conjunct or disjunct

conjunct

smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small interval

disjunct

disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps (move in larger interval)

phrases

the units that make up a melody (a musical thought)

Candences

resting place in a musical phrase (musical period)

affect of cadences?

may be inconclusive, leaving the impression of more to come or may sound final

rhyme scheme

the arrangement of rhyming words or corresponding sounds at the end of poetic lines

climax

- the highest point in a melodic line or piece of music
- represent the peak of intensity

antecedent phrase

has a weaker cadence

what does antecedent phrase setting up?

setting up a stronger cadence at the end of the consequent phrase

motif

the smallest unit of a piece of music that contain thematic or structure identity (motive)

rhythmic motif

the motive broken into smaller fragment named germs or germinal

rhythm

the controlled movement of music in time

beat

regular pulsation; a basic unit of length in musical time

accented

the emphasis on a beat resulting in its being louder or stronger than another measure

meters

organized the flow of rhythm in music; the grouping of beats into larger, regular patterns, notated as measures

measures (bar)

metric grouping of beats, notated on the musical staff and separated with vertical bar lines

measure (bar line)

vertical lines on a staff that separate measures; each measure gets a specific number of beat

downbeat

first beat of a measure - the strongest in any meter

duple meter

most basic metrical pattern of two beats to a measure ( alternating weak and strong beat)

triple meter

metrical pattern of three beats to a measure (1 strong 7 2 week beats)

quadruple meter

contains four beats to the measure (primary accent on the first beat and secondary accent n the third beat)

simple meter

meter in which the beat is divide into two

compound meter

each main beat is divided into three rather than two

sextuple meter

six beats to a measure (two main beats divided into three)

upbeat

last beat of a measure; a weak beat that anticipates the downbeat

syncopation

Deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat or an offbeat. (throw off the regular pattern)

offbeat

a weak beat or weak portion of a beat (in-between stronger beat)

polyrhythm

- simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns or meters
- common in 20th-century music and certain African music

nonmetric

music lacking a strong sense of beat or meter - common in certain non-western cultures

anacrusis - the pickup note

one or more unstressed notes leading to the downbeat of the next measure

notation of rhythm

- created by alternating the appearance of notes to indicate the relative duration of note values
- there is always an equal symbol os silence (rest) \= to the symbol of sound

harmony

the simultaneous combination of notes and the ensuing relationships of intervals and chords (adds another dimension of sounds)

chord

combination of three ore more pitches that constitute a single block of harmony

scale

series of pitches in ascending or descending order, comprising the notes of a key

octave

interval between two notes eight diatonic pitches apart; the lower note vibrates half as fast as the upper and sounds an octave lower

triad

common chord type, built on alternate notes of the scale

tonic

the first note of the scale or key

tonality

Principle of organization around a tonic, or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale.

dissonance

- a combination of notes that sounds discordant and unstable, i need a resolution
- produced tension and unstableness

consonance

- Concordant or harmonious combination of pitches that provides a sense of relaxation and stability in music
- provide a sense of relaxation and completeness

drone

sustained sounding of one or several pitches for harmonic support, a common feature of some folk musics

half step

smallest interval used in Western system; the octave divided into 12 such intervals

chromatic scale

- consists of an ascending or descending of half steps within a span of an octave
- "color"

Sharp sign \#

indicates that a note is raised a half step

flat sign

The symbol that indicates lowering a pitch one half step

whole step

Interval consisting of two half steps, or semitones.

key

defines the relationship of pitches with common centre ot tonic

major scale

seven note scale with a specific pattern of whole and half step (W-W-H-W-W-W-H)

dominant

the fifth scale step - represent the active harmony

minor scale

- Scale consisting of seven different pitches that comprise a specific pattern of whole and half steps (W-H-W-W-H-W-W). \- - Differs from the major scale primarily in that its third degree is lowered half a step.

diatonic scale

a scale encompasses patterns of seven whole and half steps

pentatonic scale

five-note pattern

microtone

the use of intervals smaller than the semitone (half step) - may sound "off-key" in Western music

infection

small alteration of pitch by a microtonal interval

tonic chord (I chord)

triad bult on te first scale note (serves as a rest point)

rest chord

a chord tha achieves a sense of resolution or completion

active chord

chords that need to resolve to the tonic chord

dominant chord (V)

- triad built on the fifth note of the scale
- bring a feeling of restlessness
- resolved by the tonic chord

subdominant chord (IV)

the chord built on the fourth scale step

modulation

- the process of changing from one key to another
- enhance the form of music and add interest or tonal color

transposition

- the shifting of a piece of music to a different pitch level

texture

The interweaving of melodic (horizontal) and harmonic (vertical) elements in the musical fabric.

monophony

single-line texture, or melody without accompaniment

Polyphony

two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture ("many voiced")

counterpoint

the art of combining in a single texture two or more simultaneous melodic lines (one line is set against another)

homophony

a single music line that dominates the texture with the melody while the other parts provide subordinate accompaniment (principle melody and accompany harmony)

Homorhythmic

Texture in which all voices, or lines, move together in the same rhythm.

imitation

melodic ideas presented in one voice or part and then restated in another, each part continuing as other enter (diagonal thread)

canon

type of polyphonic composition which one musical line strictly imitates another at a fixed time interval throughout

round

simplest and most familiar type of canon - one voice enters in succession with the same melody (ex. row, row, row your boat)

form

structure and design in music based on repetition, contrast and variation (the organizing principle of music)

contrast

the use of opposing musical elements to emphasize difference and variety

strophic form

Song structure in which the same music is repeated with every stanza (strophe) of the poem.

through-composed

Song structure that is composed from beginning to end, without repetitions of large sections.

variation

the compositional procedure of altering a preexisting musical idea

improvisation

the creation of music it is being formed

binary form

Two-part (A-B) form with each section normally repeated.

ternary form

Three-part (A-B-A) form based on a statement (A), contrast or departure (B), and repetition (A)

theme

melodic idea used as a basic building block in the construction of piece

theme development

musical expression of a theme by varying its melodic outline, harmony, or rhythm

sequence

restatement of an idea or motive at a different pitch level

motive

the smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodic-harmonic rhythm unit (short melodic or rhythmic idea)