USHIS: final review vocab

Ch.5-15 vocab+etc.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787→

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legislation passed by congress to establish a political structure for the North-West Territory and create a system for the admission of new states.

Interstate commerce →

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Trade between two or more states

Inflation→

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Increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money

Tariffs →

A tax on imports or exports

Slave Trade Compromise→

Federalists→

People who supported ratification of the constitution

Anti-Federalists →

People who opposed ratification of the constitution

Ratification→

An official approval

Popular Sovereignty→

The idea that political authority belongs to the people( We the People); the power to rule comes from the people (Rousseau’s Social Contract Theory)

Limited Government →

Everyone, citizens and leaders alike, must obey the law( no one is above the law= Rule of Law) Magna Carta; The government is limited to the rules and powers outlined in the U.S Constitution( Art. 1, Art. 2, Art. 3)

Separation of Powers →

principle that creates the division of basic government roles into three branches; Montesquieu

Checks and Balances→

a system established by the constitution that prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful

Federalism→

U.S. system of government in which power is distributed between a central government and individual states

Republicanism→

based on the belief that people exercise their political power by voting for their representatives (roman Republic+ Art. 4 of U.S const.)

Individual Rights→

personal liberties and privileges of citizens located in the BoR; the first 10 amendments protect the people from an overly powerful government

Amendments→

official changes, corrections, or additions to a law or constitution   

elastic clause→

gives Congress the ability to stretch its powers which makes it a "living document

Apolitical→

outside of politica; not involved/interested in politics

Representatives→

people elected by the people to be their representative

Bicameral legislature→

two parts of legislatures

preamble→

the introduction to the US Constitution that states the people are establishing the new government → purpose is to establish the goals of the nation; "We the people..."

Miranda Rights

You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you. Do you understand the right I have just read to you? With these rights in mind, do you still wish to speak to me?

Prenumbra

a group of rights taken from other rights directly protected by the BoR

double jeopardy

the act of trying a person twice for the same crime

Concurrent powers→

powers exercised/shared by the state and federal government

Delegated powers→

powers exercised/used by the federal government

Reserved powers→

powers exercised/used by the state government

petition→

to make a formal request of the government

Veto →

to cancel

Precedent →

an action or decision that later serves as an example

Judiciary Act of 1789→

legislation passed by congress that created the fed. court system

George Washington→

Rev. War hero and Patriot leader, he served as a rep. to the Continental Congresses,commanded the Continental Army, and was unanimously elected to two terms as pres. of the U.S.; 1st pres.

Alexander Hamilton→

American states-man and member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he was an author of the Federalist Papers, which supported the ratification of the Constitution. He was the first secretary of treasury under George Washington and developed the Bank of the United States.

Thomas Jefferson →

American statesman, and member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the DoI, the Declaration’s main author+ one of its signers, and the 3rd pres. of the U.S.

Loose constructionist→

Someone who interprets the Const. that allows the Fed. Gov. to take actions that the Const. Does not specifically forbid it fro taking

Strict constructionist→

People who think that the fed, gov. Should do only what the const. specifically says it can do; A way of interpreting the Const. That allows the fed. Gov. to take only those actions the const. Specifically says it can take

Political Parties→

groups that elect people and shape policies; a group of people who organize to help elect the gov. officials & influence gov. policies

Federalist Party→

a political party created in the 1790s and influences by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade

Democratic-Republican Party→

a pol. Party founded in the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power of the state governments and promote agriculture

XYZ Affair→

1797 an incident in which French agents attempted to get a bribe+loans from the U.S. diplomats in exchange for an agreement that the French privateers would no longer attack Amer. ships, it led to an undeclared naval war between the two countries; French demanded a bribe

Alien and Sedition Acts→

1798 laws passed by a fed, dominated congress aimed at protecting the gov. from treasonous ideas, actions, and people; these laws were said to protect the U.S., but the Feds. intended them to crush opposition to war.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions→

 these docs. Argued that the Alien & Sedition Acts were unconstitutional; 1798-1799 Republican docs. That argued A&S Acts were unconstitutional

John Adams

American statesman, he was a delegate to the Continental Congress, a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence, vice president to George Washington, and the second president of the United States.

John Marshall→

a fed. Appointed by John Adams, who was the chief justice of the u.s. Federalist leader who served in the house of Reps, and as U.S. Sec. of State, he later became the Chief Justice of the U.S. Sup.Court, established in Marbury v. Madison the supreme court’s power of judicial review 

Judicial Review→

the power to declare an act of congress unconstitutional 

Louisiana Purchase→

the purchase of French land between the Miss.R. and the Rocky Mount. That doubled the size of the U.S;October 20,1803

Lewis and Clark Expedition→

In May 1804; began its long journey to explore the Louisiana Purchase; Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Embargo Act→

the law that prohibited Amer. merchants to trade w/other countries

Impressment→

the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy, led to increased tensions between Great Britain+ U.S. in the early 1800s

Non-Intercourse Act

(1809) a law that replaced the Embargo ACt & restored trade w/all nations except Britain, France, and their colonies

James Madison→

(1751–1836) American statesman,he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, the fourth president of the United States, the author of some of the Federalist Papers, and is called the father of the Constitution for his proposals at the Constitutional Convention. He led the United States through the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans →

(1815)last major conflict of the war of 1812; Greatest U.S. victory in the war of 1812; actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty ending the war had been signed

Treaty of Ghent→

(1814) a treaty signed by the U.S. & Britain ending the war of 1812

James Monroe→

(1758-1831) Leading Revolutionary figure and negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase, he was the 5th pres. Of the U.S. He put forth the Monroe Doctrine establishing the U.S. sphere of influence in the western hemisphere that became the foundation of the U.S. foreign policy; he was elected in 1816

Adams-Onis Treaty→

(1819) an agreement in which Spain gave East Florida to the U.S.; settled all border disputes between Spain and the U.S.

Monroe Doctrine**→**

1832) Pres. James Monroe’s statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility; Points:1. The U.S. would not interfere in the affairs of the Euro. nation,2.the U.S. would recognize, and not interfere with Euro. colonies that already existed in North+South Amer3. The western Hemis. Was to be off-limits to future colonization by any foreign powers, 4. The U.S. would consider any Euro. power’s attempt to colonize or interfere w/nations in the W.Hemis. To be a hostile act

Henry Clay→

(1777-1852) Amer. politician from Kentucky, he was known as the “Great Pacificator” because of his support of the Missouri compromise. He developed the Compromise of 1850 to try to avoid civil war; U.S. rep.

Era of Good Feelings→

a period of peace, pride, and progress for the U.S. from 1815-1825

Sectionalism→

a devotion to the interest of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole; disagreements between dif. regions

Missouri Compromise→

(1820) an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state + outlawed slavery in any other territories/states north of the 36,30 latitude, to settle Mississippi application to statehood

John Quincy Adams→

(1767-1848)son of pres. John Adams, Sec. of state to pres. James Monroe, largely formed Madison Doctrine, 6th pres. of the U.S., later became a rep. in congress

John C. Calhoun→

(1782-1850) Amer. politician, supporter of slavery and states’ rights, he served as VP to Andrew Jackson+ was instrumental in the South Carolina Nullification Crisis

Martin Van Buren→

(1782-1862) Amer. politician + secretary of state under Andrew Jackson, later became the 8th pres. of the U.S.

Andrew Jackson→

(1767–1845) Nicknamed “Old Hickory”, he was an American hero in the Battle of New Orleans. As commander of the Tennessee militia, he defeated the Creek Indians, securing 23 million acres of land. His election as the seventh president of the United States marked an era of democracy called Jacksonian Democracy.

Tariff of Abominations→

(1828) the nickname given to a high tariff by southerners who opposed it

States’ rights doctrine→

the belief that the power of the states should be greater than the power of the fed.gov.

Nullification Crisis→

a dispute led by John C. Calhoun that said that states could ignore fed. Laws if they believed those laws violated the const.; supporters v. opponents

Whig Party→

a pol. Party formed in 1834 by opponents of Andrew Jackson and who supported strong legislature and weak pres.

Panic of 1837→

a financial crisis in the U.S. that led to an economic depression

Indian Removal Act→

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans that lived East of the Miss. R. in the west

Trail of Tears→

(1838-1839) an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian terr.; resulted in deaths in almost ¼ of the Cherokee people

Manifest Destiny→

a belief shared by many Amers. In the Mid-1800s that the U.S. should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean; obvious fate, to settle land all the way to the PO in order to spread democracy

James K. Polk→

(1795-1849) 11th pres. Of the U.S.He settled the Oregon boundary with Great Britain and successfully conducted the Mex.-Amer. War; Democrat

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo→

(1848) a treaty that ended the Mexican War and gave the U.S. much of Mexico’s northern territory; in February; forced Mew. to turn over land

Gadsden Purchase→

(1853)U.S. gov. Paid Mex. 10mil. U.S. received the southern parts of what are now Arizona+ New Mexico

Mexican Cession→

land included the present day states of California, Nevada, and Utah. Included mist of Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Colorado and Wyoming

Industrial Revolution→

a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing+production that began in the mid-1700s

Eli Whitney→

Amer. inventor whose cotton gin changed harvest procedures and enabled large increases in cotton production(helpful to the South); He introduced the technology of mass production through the development of interchangeable parts in gun making(helpful to the north)

Interchangeable parts→

 a process developed by Eli Whitney in the 1790s that called for making each part of a machine exactly the same

Mass production→

 the efficient production of large numbers of identical goods

Transportation Revolution→

the rapid growth in the speed+convenience of trains

Robert Fulton→

American engineer and inventor; he built the first commercially successful full sized steamboat, *The Clermont*, which led to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods+people

Peter Cooper→

American ironworks manufacturer who designed and built *Tom Thumb* , the first American locomotive(train)

Samuel F.B. Morse→

American machinist and inventor; He applied scientists’ discoveries of electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph, which soon sent messages all across the country; Developed Morse Code with the partnership of Alfred Lewis Vail

Telegraph-→

a machine perfected by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1832 that uses pulses of electric current to send messages across long distances through wires

John Deere→

American industrialist; He developed a steel plow to ease difficulty of turning thick soil on the Great Plains

Cotton gin→

a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple crops; revolutionized the cotton industry

Spirituals→

emotional christian songs sung by enslaved people in the South that mixed African and European elements and usually expressed slaves’ relig.beliefs

Nat Turner Rebellion→

(1831)  a rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves in Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Washington Irving→

(1783-1859) Early AMerican Satirical writer, he was the 1st Amer. writer to gain international acclaim.His works include *Rip Van Winkle* and *The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ;*often used  Amer. history and authentic american settings and characters

Hudson River School→

 a group of Amer. artists in the mid-1800s whose paintings focused on the Amer. landscape

Thomas Cole→

 (1801-1848) Amer. Painter, he was the founder of the Hudson River school

**George Caleb Bingham**→

(1811-1879) Amer. painter who specialized in painting scenes of everyday life in the West

**Middle class→**

the soc.+econ., level between the wealthy and the poor

Transcendentalism→

the idea that people could rise above the material things in life;a popular movement among New England writers and thinkers in the mid-1800s

Ralph Waldo Emerson→

 (1803-1882) Amer. essayist and poet, he was a supporter of the transcendentalist philosophy of self-reliance

Henry David Thoreau→

(1817-1862) Amer. writer and transcendentalist philosopher, he studied nature and published a magazine article, “Civil Disobedience” as well as his famous book Walden Pond

**Romanticism→**

18th century art+literature movement emphasizing individual expression, nature, and a rejection for traditional rules

Nathaniel Hawthorne→

(1804-1864) Amer. writer, he is famous for his many stories and books, including *The Scarlet Letter,*and he was recognized as one of the 1st authors to write in an uniquely Amer. style

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow →

(1807-1882) Amer. poet in the mid19th century, he is best known for his story-poems, such as “Paul Revere’s Midnight Ride” in Tales of a Wayside Inn and *The Song of Hiawatha*