bms final pract

A Band

Myosin filament

Abducens

lateral eye movement

Accessory nerve

motor fibers to neck and upper back

Acquired reflex

learned reflex

Actin

thin filaments

Acuity

sharpness of vision

Adductor longus

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

Afterimages

Sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed

Ampulla

dilated portion of a canal or duct

Antagonist muscle example

triceps brachii

Antagonistic muscle

a muscle that opposes the action of another

Aqueous humor

fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens

Arachnoid

middle layer of meninges, web-like

arbor vitae

white matter of the cerebellum;

tree of life

Astigmatism

defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye, prevents eye from focusing

Astrocyte

glial cell of the CNS that transports water and salts from capillaries, regulate blood flow

Auditory canal

the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum

Auditory tube

channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx

Autonomic nervous system

Part of the PNS that controls the glands, smooth/cardiac muscle

Axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Axonal terminal

part of an axon that releases neurotransmitters

Basilar membrane

A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.

Biceps brachii

flexes forearm

Biceps femoris

part of hamstrings, flexes leg and extends thigh

Bipolar cells

2 processes: 1 dendrite, 1 axon, in the eye

Blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.

Body/soma

contains the nucleus of the neuron

Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)

axillary nerve, radial nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

Brachioradialis

posterior, radial side of forearm, flexes elbow

Cauda equina

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

Central canal

a fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord

Central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes (#12)

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles

Cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid in the space between the meninges that protects the brain and spinal cord

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

Cervical plexus

C1-C8, phrenic nerve

Choroid

middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera

Choroid plexus

A highly vascular portion of the lining of the ventricles that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.

Cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

Cochlear duct

a fluid filled cavity within the cochlea that vibrates when sound waves strike it

Color blindness

inability to see some or all colors

Cones

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Conus medullaris

end of spinal cord

Convergence reflex

the change in position of the eyeballs when you look at an object far away and then bring it closer

Cornea

the transparent outer covering of the eye

Corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Cranial nerve reflex

corneal reflex and gag reflex

Crista ampullaris

Sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear

Crossed extensor reflex

flexion of one limb followed by extension of opposite limb

Cupula

A gelatin-like structure containing a tuft of hairlike sensory receptor cells in the semicircular canals.

Deltoid

shoulder

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

Dorsal horn

Sensory: crescent shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

Dorsal root

the sensory branch of each spinal nerve

Dorsal root ganglion

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

Dynamic equilibrium

Result of diffusion where there is continuous movement of particles but no overall change in concentration

Endolymph

fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear

Endoneurium

delicate connective tissue around individual nerve fibers in nerve

Ependymal cell

CNS glial cell responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid

Epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

Epineurium

surrounds the entire nerve

Extensor carpi ulnaris

extends and adducts wrist

Extensor digitorum

extends fingers

External oblique

Compresses abdomen; laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column

Facial Nerve (VII)

Movement of facial expression muscles, taste (from anterior 2/3 of tongue)

Fasicle

bundle of muscle fibers

Filium terminale

extension of pia mater, anchors spinal cord to coccyx

Fissure

deep groove

Fixator

stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Flexes and adducts wrist

Foliate

present on the posterior lateral borders of the tongue and can be seen if the tongue is grasped with gauze and extended; sense sour tastes.

Forth ventricle

Fovea centralis

tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

Free nerve endings

free-fire-pain--free for all pain respond to intense and extreme pain and temperature

Frequency range of human hearing

20-20,000 Hz

Frontal lobe

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Frontalis epicranius

raises eyebrows

Fungiform papillae

rounded with taste buds

Ganglion cells

their axons form the optic nerve

Gastrocnemius

calf muscle,

plantar flexes foot

Glossopharyngeal

cranial nerve IX

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gracilis

Grey matter

unmyelinated neuron cell bodies and short, unmyelinated axons

Gustatory pore

dendrites of neurons of the cranial nerves involved in taste are stimulated by gustatory cells

Gyrus

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface.

Hypoglossal nerve

CN XII

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

I band

contains only thin actin filaments

Incus

anvil; middle of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

Infraspinatus

rotates arm laterally

Intercostals

muscles between the ribs

Internal oblique

compresses abdomen

Interventricular