Biology Semester 1

Energy

That which can do work or cause change

Forms of Energy

chemical, electrical, mechanical, electromagnetic, nuclear

ATP

adenosine triphosphate - universal to life, immediate source of energy for our cells, made from foods.

Active transport

moving something to where there is less of energy to where there is more of energy

Movement

muscle contraction, ATP provides the energy for the contraction

Bioluminescence

A compound being changed into a different compound with help of ATP and making a small amount of light (fireflies)

short term energy storage

ATP

Long Term energy storage

Plants: starch - a polymer of glucose
Animals: eat sugars (glucose) and use some right away, but store some at glycogen (glucose polymer) in our liver, if we have excess glycogen it gets converted into fat

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

Heterotrophs

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Jan van Helmont

1643 - observed the importance of water and hypnotized that the new biomass came from the water

Joseph Priestly

discovered oxygen

Jan Ingen Housz

1779 - The importance of light, plants only produce air when the light is shining

Julius Robert Mayer

1845 -New plants biomass mostly comes from CO2 in the air (later sort of disproven)

Melvin Calvin

1948 - Carbon fixation - how plants turn CO2 into sugars

Rudolph Marcus

1992 - figured out how plants convert sunlight energy into electrochemistry (moving electrons)

So Iwata & Jim Barber

2004 - The O2 released from the plants comes from the splitting part of water ~photolysis

Chlorophyll

Photosynthetic pigment - reacts when hit by sunlight and releases energized electrons, Reflects green light

Absorption Spectrum

shows wavelengths of where the plant is absorbing light and transmitting, green is not being absorbed.

Action Spectrum

the wavelengths (colors) that stimulate photosynthesis, Or rate of photosynthesis, faster with blue and red, slower with green

Plant Structure

Guard cells create an opening called the stomata which lets CO2 into the leaf, and O2 and H2O out

The Light-Dependent Reactions

Calvin Cycle, NADP+ + ADP in, NADPH + ATP out

Photosystem

cluster of pigments that absorb light and release energized electrons (also splits water to provide more electrons)

Electron transport chain (ETC)

passes along the energized from the PS, uses the energy to actively transport H+ into the lumen creating a concentration gradient

ATP Synthase

enzyme that provides a path for H+ to leave the lumen, converts ADP to ATP as the H+ move through

C4 photosynthesis

grasses that grow in the prairie, C4 are more efficient at getting CO2 - compared to a typical plant, they can get more CO2 per water

CAM plants

Have stomata open at night to get CO2 but to minimize water loss, store the CO2 until next day, Do the Calvin cycle during the day while stomata is closed to save water Cactus

Robert Hooke

first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

First person to observe living cells

Matthias Schleiden

concluded that all plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

concluded that all animals are made of cells

The Cell Theory

All living things are made up of cell
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
New cells are produced from existing cells

The Electron Microscope

Uses electrons to see things (opposed to light like the ones we have)

Prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea Don't have membrane-bound organelle Relatively simple cells

Eukaryotes

have membrane-bound organelle More complex cells

Animal Cell

What is unique (compared to a plant),

Plant Cell

Lots of similarity with animal cells but have organelle that animal cells don't have

Cytoplasm

everything inside the cell membrane

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Nucleus

has a membrane, Home for the DNA

Nucleolus

where RNA is being made

Chromatin

the mass of DNA in the nucleus

Vacuoles

larger, mostly found in plants, storage (water, waste materials, pigments)

Vesicles

smaller, temporary, for transport, have a membrane

Paramecium

protist, contractile vacuole - helps het rid of excess water, Organisms that live in fresh water absorb lots of water that needs to be ejected

Lysosomes

Vesicle that carries digestive enzymes

Cytoskeleton

The internal "skeleton" of a eukaryotic cell, Consists of protein fibers and tubes that hold organelles in place AND move things around AND important in cell division AND cell movement

Cilia

shorter and more numerous Hair-like projections from the cell that allows the cell to move

Flagella

longer and a cell will have one or two Hair-like projections from the cell that allows the cell to move

Centrioles

bundle of micro tubes that are important for all cell division

Ribosomes

small, no membrane, make proteins Found in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Where stuff is made - lipid, proteins, complex carbs

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

has ribosomes, where proteins are made

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

no ribosomes, makes everything else

Golgi Apparatus

Finishes the proteins, Packages them into transport vesicles

Endomembrane System

All of the membranes inside Of eukaryotes

Chloroplasts

found in plants and algae, Contains chlorophyll - green pigment that absorbs the sun, Through photosynthesis chloroplasts convert sunlight energy into chemical energy (food) which can be stored (you can store

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, Is an energy converter - transfers energy from food to ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Provides energy to do cellular work

Cell Wall

a rigid structure providing support, is outside the cell membrane, found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria

cell membrane

semipermeable membrane ~ some things easily pass through a biological membrane, some things don't, Controls what gets in and out of a cell, also have proteins -transport- pathway for things to get in and out of the cell, Binds the cells together, Allows your immune system to recognize your cells
What can't get in - big molecules, polar/have charge

Phospholipid

They have polarity (only one too). When put in water, create cell membrane.

Passive Transport

no energy needed (due to random molecular motion)

Diffusion

movement from where there is more of something to where there is less of something

Facilitated diffusion

passive transport (no energy) but with the help of a transport protein

Osmosis

the diffusion of water

Hypotonic

more water, less solute

Hypertonic

more solute, less water

Osmotic pressure

pressure inside of a cell due to water diffusing into the cell, pushes against the cell membrane, Plants like osmotic pressure, keeps them upright and not wilting, Animal do not like too much pressure

Endocytosis

the taking in of large amounts of a material by wrapping the membrane around the, thus forming a vesicle, takes energy to manipulate the membrane

Exocytosis

releasing large amounts of a material when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane thus releasing the material (glands)

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Grow-by taking in energy and you survive by responding to your environment
Respond to the environment - if it is cold outside, then you shiver to maintain heat
Transform energy - all living things need energy and convert energy taken in into more useful forms of energy (plant: light to chemical energy=sugar)

Macromolecules

large molecules

Monomers

building blocks of polymers

Polymers

macromolecules made of repeating monomers

Monosaccharides

have the same ratio of CH2O ~ C6H12O6

Polysaccharides

macromolecules made of repeating sugar monomers

Lipids

large molecules that have a fixed size - not polymers

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Atoms

Building blocks of matter

Isotopes

forms of an atom For a particular element that Vary in the number of neutrons

Molecule

two or more atoms bonded together, Form because Atoms want to be stable to balance out valence shell

Compounds

molecules with two or more different elements

Van der Waals Forces

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

Polarity

one side has a slight negative charge and one side has a slight positive charge in covalent bonds

Hydrogen Bonding

2 covalent bonds being bonded by hydrogen

Cohesion

water sticking to itself

Adhesion

water sticking to other things and itself

Surface Tension

when water molecules are stuck to each other (on the surface) and allow light enough objects to not sink

Heat Capacity

the ability of a substance of water to absorb heat and some materials can absorb more than others (High - water) (Low - metals)

Solutions

water plus a solute that is dissolved in water ~ the solute sticks to the water, the solutes have polarity

Suspensions

what is added to the water doesn't stick to the water, oil is non-polar = it doesn't stick to water - doesn't dissolve

pH

a VERY important property of aqueous solutions - water is the solvent

Bases

8-14

Acids

1-6

Buffers

Compound that neutralizes a solution and brings it toward 7

Energy

reactions can either take in OR release energy

Activation Energy

energy needed to get a reaction going

Enzyme

molecules that speed up (catalyze) reactions, are often proteins