psych 2

Behaviorists believe that human behavior is primarily the result of

conditioned responses

anything in your situation (event) that involves some sort of response

stimulus

the behavior that occurs automatically as a rule of the stimulus (ex. stressed out nervous when you see blue lights)

response

motor or neural reactions

reflexes

triggered by broader events like aging or seasons (ex. migration in butterflies)

instincts

a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

learning

occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur simultaneously (ex. lightning and thunder)

associative learning

organisms learn to associate events-or stimuli- that repeatedly happen together

classical conditioning

organisms learn to associate events-a behavior and its consequence (reinforcement or punishment)

operant conditioning

the process of watching others and then imitating what they do

observational learning

elicits a reflective response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

natural, unlearned reaction to UCS

unconditional response (UCR)

presented immediately before UCS

neutral stimulus

neutral stimulus becomes CS after being associated with UCS

conditioned stimulus (CS)

learned response to previously neutral stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

using a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to get an unconditional response

higher order/second order conditioning

the initial phase of learning where the response is established (has to be predictable)

acquisition

conditional stimulus and unconditioned stimulus may not happen at the same time

extinction

reoccurrence of the previous condition response after some time has past

spontaneous recovery

the organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that are similar

stimulus discrimination

the condition response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus (might want to work on stimulus discrimination)

stimulus generalization

occurs when we learn to not respond to stimuli that is presented repeatedly and we ignore it

habituation

fear responses in Little Albert (attempting to create a phobia within Little Albert)

Watson and Rayner

form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response (may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it) (rats are going to be quicker to get through the maze when there is food at the end)

latent learning

steps to observational learning

attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

when the adult models the behavior the child is more likely to do it

Bandura's Bobo doll study

organisms learn to associate behaviors with their consequences

operant conditioning

behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Thorndike's Law of effect

adding a desired stimulus to reinforce doing the homework (telling a kid they will get ice cream if they do their homework)

positive reinforcement

adding something negative to increase the positive response (putting a seatbelt on to make the beeping stop in the car)

negative reinforcement

adding something unpleasant to decrease the behavior

positive punishment

removing something desirable so you decrease behavior (get phone taken away as punishment)

negative punishment

successive approximations of the target behavior are rewarded (giving a treat after dolly rings the bell) (baby steps)

shaping

innate reinforcing qualities (food, water shelter) (things that everyone needs)

primary reinforcer

no inherent value by itself but it is linked with something else (important to one specific person)

secondary reinforcer

reinforced every time the action is done

continuous reinforcement

does not get rewarded every time

partial reinforcement

delivered at predictable time intervals (pay cycles)

fixed interval

delivered at unpredictable time intervals (bonus for good work)

variable interval

delivered after a predictable number of responses (buy two, get one free)

fixed ratio

delivered after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling)

variable ratio

thinking, including, and perception, learning, problem solving, judgement memory

cognition

category of grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experirences

concept

best representation of a concept

ex. celebrity-taylor swift

birds-blue jay

prototype

concept created through experiences

ex. snow

natural concept

defined by a very specific set of characteristics

ex. shapes, numbers

artificial concept

a mental construct of a cluster or collection of related concepts

schema

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

ex. might think a doctor would not smoke a cigarette because that isn't your expectation for them

role schema

set of behaviors that are preformed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

ex. when your phone rings you automatically pick it up

event schema

a plan of action used to find a solution

problem solving strategy

continue trying different solutions until a problem is solved

ex. turning your phone on and off and your wifi to get it to work

trail and error

step by step problem solving formula

algorithm

general problem solving framework

(braking tasks into steps or working backwards, maybe quick short cuts)

heuristic

continually using an old solution to a problem without results (insanity)

(just keep thinking it will work)

mental state

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

functional fixedness

tendency to focus one one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem solving

ex. taking a test and trying to pick an answer based on only what you know

anchoring bias

focuses on information that confirms existing beliefs

ex. when we watch the news we go to the same news source that aligns with our beliefs

confirmation bias

belief that the event just experienced was predictable

ex. saying like oh I knew they were going to win the game even if you actually didn't know that

hindsight bias

unintentional stereotyping of someone or something

ex. a "dumb blonde" ends up being a good lawyer (legally blonde movie)

representative bias

decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty

ex. shark week, you might begin to think that people get attacked by sharks all the time when they actually do not

availability bias

forms of communication, used in everyday life, separates humans from other species

ex. we can teach a dog the word treat but if you say "i am going to give you a treat later' they do not understand

language

information that is shared by people who engage conversation

ex. we tend to think about what other people have in common with us

common ground

constructing utterances to suit the audience's knowledge

ex. a professor with try to use words that make sense to their students

audience design

words and expressions (the different ways we communicate things, maybe the order we say our words)

lexicon

set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon

grammer

a mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description

ex. when someone talks about getting engaged you make a picture in your mind of what they may look like

situational model

a stimulus presented to a person him or her about other ideas associated with the stimulus (how we develop a shared idea, associating one item with a bigger concept)

priming

sharing information about ourselves ourselves or someone else, it helps us to determine ingroups vs outgroups

gossip

the brain has evolved so that humans can maintain larger ingroups

social brain hypothesis

tendency for people to characterize positivethings about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negativethings about their outgroups using more abstract expressions

linguistic ingroup bias

networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travel, how we share information through generations

social network

basic units of sound

phenome

singular to plural- adding a letter

morphemes

the study of how people come to understand the meaning of words

semantics

rules of coming words to make something gramatically correct

syntax

the study of nonlinguistic elements of language use

pragmatics

language is learned through reinforcement (when you are influenced to continue a behavior)

B.F. Skinner

mechanism underlying language acquisition are biologically determined

Noam Chomsky

loss, nostalgia, yearning, warm memories, and hope

Portuguese word saudade

putting an excess weight after a breakup due to emotional overeating

German word Kummerspeck

the hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills, the definition of this has changed many times

intelligence