ANIMAL NUTRITION EXAM 1

CLEMSON PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION EXAM 1

nutrition

the interrelated steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth of tissues and their repair and replacement

antoine lavoisier

founding father of the science of nutrition

how many nutrients are needed to function?

over 40

feed/operation cost of dairy

45-55%

feed/operation cost swine

60-75%

feed/operation cost poultry

75-80%

feed/operation cost beef cattle

45-60%

least efficient animal product

beef

cow

ruminant, pre-gastric

pig

monogastric, post-gastric

kangaroo

monogastric, pre-gastric

sheep

ruminant, pre-gastric

horse

monogastric, post-gastric

what is synthesized in digestion?

true protein, FA, starch, vitamins

foregut

ingestion and storage

midgut

mechanical, chemical, enzymatic digestion

hindgut

water and ion absorption

monotremes

egg laying mammals

prehension

bringing food to the mouth

mastication

chewing, crush food, allow enzymes to work

temporalis muscle

develops maximum force on anterior portion of jaw, largest muscle in carnivores, smallest in herbivores

lateral pterogoid

allows lateral movement for grinding, highly important in herbivores and minimal in carnivores

masseter and medial pterogoid

maximum force for crushing and grinding

salivation quantity related to level of?

chewing

saliva secretion for dogs

minimal

saliva secretion for sheep

3-10 liters/day

saliva secretion for horse

10-12 liters/day

saliva secretion for cows

103-180 liters/day

how many times a day does a cow chew?

40-50k times

T/F mature ruminants have salivary enzymes?

False

deglutition

the act of swallowing

regurgitation

voluntary/strictly in esophagus

vomiting

involuntary/involves stomach

submaxillary gland

located at the base of the tongue

sublingual gland

underneath the tongue

parotid glands

below the ear

monogastric

one compartmented stomach

ruminant

four compartmented stomach

pseudoruminant

highly developed foregut, 3 compartments (llamas, alpacas, camels)

parasympathetic nervous system

increased salivary flow, dilution

sympathetic nervous system

decreased salivary flow, increased concentration

peristalsis

muscles of intestines move food along

crop

a sac in the bottom of the esophagus

four parts of ruminant stomach

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

abomasum

ruminants true stomach

omasum

collects water

rumen

responsible for fermentation

nonglandular

no digestive secretions or active absorption occurs

fundic

secretory region

parietal cells

HCL

neck chief cells

mucin

body chief cells

pepsinogen, rennin, and lipase

pyloric

neck and body chief cells

HCl

decreases pH, denatures, proteins, kills bacteria, activated pepsinogen

mucus

protects from autodigestion

mucin

protects from hydrochloric acid

pepsinogen

hydrolyzes proteins

rennin

in abomasum of calves, clots milk

chyme

partially digested food in stomach

small intestine

primary source of digestion and absorption in monogastric

duodenum

first part of small intestine, pH neutralizes bile

jejunum

enzymes and absorption

ileum

absorption

plicae circularis

regular ridges in small intestine

villi

finger-like projections on mucosal

microvilli, brush border

projections on surface of epithelium

passive diffusion

no energy input, small, non-polar particles pass through membrane

facilitated diffusion

no energy input, passive movement of substances across a plasma membrane

active transport

require energy, transport molecules across cell membrane into a region of higher concentration

endocytosis

requires energy, feeding a cell

pancreatic enzyme amylase

starch, glycogen, dextrin

pancreatic enzyme lipase

glycerides

pancreatic enzyme proteases

peptidase

parts of large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum

T/F all animals have a functional ceca

False

GI tract functions

digest food, absorb nutrients, conserve water, synthesize essential vitamins

gastric capacity is greatest in

pregastric fermenters

adult pigs lack?

lactase

with age lactase ? while sucrase and maltase "?

decrease, increase

advantages of pre-gastric fermentation

make better use of alternative nutrients, detoxifies some poisonous compound

disadvantages of pre-gastric fermentation

fermentation is inefficient, ruminants more susceptible to toxins produced in rumen microbes

cecal fermenters

type of postgastric fermenter, mainly rodents

colonic fermenters

type of postgastric fermenter, true herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores

foregut fermentation

involves cud, slower digestive process, size restricted (ruminant)

hindgut fermentation

cellulose and fiber broken down in large intestine and cecum, faster turnover (monogastric)

apivores

feed on bees

erucivore

feed on caterpillars

myrmevore

feed on ants

mucivore

feed on flies

ranivore

feed on frogs

sanguivore

feeds on blood

zoosuccivore

feeds on liquid animal secretions, decaying animal matter

ambivore

feeds on grasses and broad leaf plants

exudativore

feeds on gums, resins, and sap

folivore

feeds on foliage

graminivore

feeds on grasses

lignivore

feeds on wood

mellivore

feeds on honey

nucivore

feeds on nuts

phytisuccivore

feeds on tree sap