my actual bio final flashcards

basically just all the vocab from every study guide hehe :DDD (sorry for length but at least its detailed huh)

True breeding

an individual that produces offspring identical to the parent.

Polygenic inheritance

two or more different genes influencing one characteristic.

Mutant

the version of a character that occurs less frequently.

Wild-type

the version of a character that most commonly occurs in nature.

Testcross

breeding a subject with unknown genotype and dominant phenotype with a recessive individual to determine the genotype of the individual.

Hybrids

someone who is heterozygous for a trait.

Meiosis

the splitting of somatic cells into gametes.

Heredity

the study of genes along a timeline.

Monohybrid cross

crossing two hybrids for one trait.

Carrier

someone who is heterozygous for a recessive genetic disease, they dont have the disease but could pass it on to children.

Pleiotropy

a gene that controls more than one physical trait.

Linked genes

genes located near each other on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together.

Pedigree

a family tree used to map traits and genotypes.

character

a heritable feature that varies among members of a population.

X-linked genes

genes linked to the x chromosome.

Phenotype

the physical appearance of a person.

Punnett square

a device used to predict crosses.

Genotype

the actual genes someone has.

Environmental influence

Environment can change someone’s phenotype.

Alleles

genes that code for different traits.

Genetic map

a listing of the relative listings of genes along a chromosome.

Recombinant progeny

children with a different allele combination than their parents.

Genetics

the study of genes and inheritance.

Recessive allele

a version of an allele that will only show if two are present.

sex-linked gene

a gene on the x or y chromosome

Dihybrid cross

crossing two individuals heterozygous for two traits.

Recombination frequency

the probability that genes will recombine.

Dominant allele

an allele that will show if there is only one present

F1 generation

the first generation of children after a cross

F2 generation

the generation of children after crossing the F1 generation

Heredity

the study of genes along a timeline

Locus

a location or position

P generation

the subjects that are being crossed in a cross

Trait

a characteristic

Cell specialization

When certain cells are designed for specific functions

vacuole

A large vesicle with a variety of functions within the cell.

Organ

Multiple tissues working together to perform a specific task

Organ system

Multiple organs working together to perform vital life functions

isotonic

A solution outside of a cell which has the same concentration of solute as the solution inside of the cell

Hydrophilic

Being attracted to water

Active transport

A way of letting large molecules across the cell membrane with the use of energy

endocytosis

A form of active transport that takes large matierials into the cell.

Semipermeable

Allowing some things to pass but not others

multicellular

consisting of multiple cells

vesicles

a sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

organ systems

multiple organs functioning together to serve a specific purpose

organism

An individual living thing

diffusion

the random movement of particles resulting in the net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

lipid bilayer

a double layer of lipids

passive transport

The transport of a substance across the cell membrane through diffusion without using energy

Exocytosis

When a substance leaves a cell by a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane

Positive feedback loop

A form of regulation where a change to homeostasis is amplified

organelle

A specialized part of a cell

homeostasis

The steady state of bodily functioning

Unicellular

Consisting of one cell

hypotonic

A solution that, when surrounding a cell, has a lower concentration than the concentration of solution inside the cell

Osmosis

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

concentration

The amount of solute in a solution

transport protein

a protein that aids in transporting things across the cell membrane

permeable

allowing things to pass or diffuse through

Negative feedback loop

a form of homeostasis where a change to homeostasis is worked against

Prokaryote

a type of cell without a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles

tissue

a group of cells working together to serve the same function

central vacuole

A large vacuole that stores water in plant cells

hypertonic

when the concentration of a solute is higher outside of a cell than inside of a cell

hydrophobic

does not dissolve in water/repels water

facilitated diffusion

diffusion with the help of a protein; used for polar or larger molecules

turgor pressure

a pressure exhibited by a plant cell's cell wall making sure the cell does not gain too much water and burst

impermeable

not allowing anything to pass

tonicity

the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause the cell to gain or lose water

Homeostasis

the steady state of bodily functioning.

Theory

a widely accepted idea broader than a hypothesis.

Ecosystem

all the organisms in a given area.

Organism

an individual living thing.

Hypothesis

a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data.

Biosphere

the entire portion of Earth inhabited by life.

Emergent properties

new properties that arise as you go up the hierarchy of life.

Population

a group of individuals belonging to a species that live in the same geographic area and can be potentially interbred.

Independent variable

a factor with a variable changed to reveal effects.

Dependent variable

a factor that is measured.

Matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

Element

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means

Compound

a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Trace Elements

an element required for life in small amounts

Proton

a subatomic particle with a positive charge

Electron

a subatomic particle with a negative charge

Neutron

a subatomic particle with no charge

Nucleus

an atom’s central core which contains protons and neutrons

Atomic Number

the number of protons in an atom of a particular element

Mass Number

the amount of protons and neutrons in a cell’s nucleus

Atomic mass

the total mass of an atom

Isotopes

an atomic form of an element with the same number of protons but different amounts of neutrons

Ionic bond

a bond between opppositely charged ions

Covalent bond

a chemical bond where two atoms share valence electrons

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Electronegativity

the attraction of an atom for electrons of a covalent bond

Ion

an atom with an electrical charge

Salt

a compound resulting from the forming of an ionic bond

Hydrogen bond

a weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one atom is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule

Polar molecule

a molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule