Feeds and Feeding Test 1

What are the types of carbonaceous concentrates?

Cereal Grains, Grain Milling By-Products, Other High-Energy Feeds

What are cereal grains?

Contain large quantities of carbohydrates (starch)

Most are processed in some manner

Creates by-product

Wheat is a good example as the by-product from flour production is good for animals

Less than 20% CP, less than 18% fiber

High energy, low fiber, somewhat low CP

What is cryptoxanthin?

A Vit. A precursor

What are the types of Cereal Grains?

Corn, Sorghum Grain (Milo), Oats, Barley, Rye, Wheat & Rice, Millet & Triticale

What are the most popular grains in the United States?

Corn, Milo, Oats, and Barley

What is corn?

Mainly grown for livestock

Widely used, very little relatively used for humans in U.S. (Mexico mainly)

Very low in Ca (.02%), LYS, & TRP

Yellow VS White(Cryptoxanthin = Vit. A precursor), U.K. prefers white

Doesn’t really matter, mainly a cultural thing for corn

What is Sorghum Grain (Milo)?

95-98% feeding value of corn for monogastrics

85%-90% for ruminants (not processed cause expensive)

Must be processed for acceptable digestibility value for monogastrics (waxy mineral protein seed coating)

Higher than corn in CP, but variable (8-12%)

Drought resistant value

Tannins, (toxic factor, affect CP digestion) (binds to proteins irreverisbly making it undigestable)

Bird resistant

What are oats?

85% corn

Very palatable high fiber (good for horse) (2nd most common for horses)

Fibrous seat coat (why it’s good for horse)

Oat groats (hulled oats) are equal to corn

What is barley?

88-90% corn80% for mono.

Fibrous seat coat

Limited use for swine and poultry (fiber) for ruminant

Lots of by-products used for diets is from brewing industry

High fiber (good for horse)

What is Rye?

Least palatable

Ergot contamination (fungal toxin) = salem witches were probably from this

Restrict bloodflow to extremities

Also used in brewing & distilling industries

What is Wheat & Rice?

mostly consumed by humansIf a grain gets contaminated with another grain for humans it can be used for livestock

105% corn

Milling by-products used for livestock

Wheat is used when priced competitively (contaminated or damaged)

What is Millet & Triticale?

rye X wheat hybrid

Millet is usually for bird seedTriticale is the wheat and rye hybridVery minor used

What are Grain Milling By-Products?

Most grains are milled to prepare for human consumption

By-products are used extensively for animal feed

What are the types of Grain Milling By-Products?

Corn Milling, Wheat Milling, Rice Milling, Oat Milling, Barley Milling and Malting

What is Corn Milling?

Wet

Start with 100 pounds of corn you get (know the ratio)

3.6lbs corn oil

3.8 lbs corn gem meal

67 lbs corn starch

5.3 lbs corn gluten meal

12.2 lbs corn gluten feed

7.2 lbs Corn Steep Liquor

1 lb lost

DrySeparate hull, germ and endosperm; from these make grits, flakes, meal, flour, oil, and feeds

What is Wheat Milling?

Several passes through grinders, sifters, purifiers

Aprox. 72% of starting amount ends up as flour & rest as animal feed

Wheat middling, Wheat bran, screenings, shorts (livestock feed)

What is Rice Milling?

Rough or Paddy rice -> grain -> brown rice -> inner bran (polishings) screenings are small broken pieces

What is Oat Milling

Separated into groats and hulls

What is Barley Milling and Malting?

Milling is similar to others

Malting = wetted & germinated under strict conditions (minimize loss) -> dried to stop growth -> used in brewing industry

What are the types of Other High-Energy Feeds?

Sprouted Grains, Whole Cottonseed, Fats & Oils, Molasses, and Roots

What are sprouted grains?

Adverse moisture during harvesting - unsuitable for milling

Factors to consider:

Possible presence of molds

Moisture content ($/#)

Storage problems

What is Whole Cottonseed?

Very high energy (~95% TDN) also 24% CP

To mature ruminants only (gossypol)

It can enlarge the heart and can also inhibit spermatogenesis

How should Whole Cottonseed be fed?

Lactating dairy cattle (limit 4 to 7 lbs cow/day - especially in hot weather, helps with heat problems as it doesn’t create as much heat as digesting carbs))

Beef Cattle

Weaned calves <4 lbs day

Yearlings > 6 lbs day

Mature cows up to 7 lbs/day

Feeding to male ruminants

Gossypol is an inhibitor of spermatogenesis

All cotton is not created equal

Seeds more concentrated than hulls

What are fats & oils?

2.25 x as much energy as carbohydrates (look at table for macromolecule energy)

Most vegetable oils are used for human consumption (expensive for livestock)

What are the reasons for using fat?

Increase caloric density

Control dust

Decrease wear & tear on equipment

Increase pelleting ease

Increase palatability

Uniform mix (decrease settling out)

Increase digestibility (to a degree, at some point too much becomes indigestible)

What is molasses?

most from sugar cane industry (also beet, citrus, & wood)

Very palatable

Decrease dustiness

Binder for pelleting

Good carrier (urea)

Current research

What are roots?

(carrots & beets) & Tubers (peanuts & potatoes)

Mostly by-products or culled fruit

Used in limited amounts because of high-moisture

Transportation and storage become an issue

What are Proteinaceous Concentrates?

For protein for energy

General

Protein quality is important (amount & ratio of amino acids)

Competitive absorption in the small intestine

When feeding high grain ratios to swine or poultry - 4 specific amino acids are of primary concern (First to run out) (limiting amino acids)

Lysine

Tryptophan

Threonine

Methionine

What is Urea?

Non-Protein Nitrogen for Ruminants (non-proteins that contain nitrogen) used by rumen microbes to synthesize protein

Need nitrogenNeed carbon source

Need energy

What are the general rules for giving ruminants Urea?

General rules (palatability & ammonia toxicity)Not over ⅓ of total N in rationNot over 1% of diet or 3% of concentrate mix should be ureaNot over 10 to 15% of the typical protein supplement

What is Biuret?

join 2 molecules of urea by heating (same precautions)

What are the supplements of plant origin?

Oil-meals, Soybean Meal (SBM), Cottonseed Meal (CSM), Linseed Meal (LSM), Sunflower Meal, Safflow Meal, Rapeseed Meal, Peanut Meal

what is oil-meals?

(seeds raised for oil)

Processing (heat or crush) improves palatability, color, and increases availability of some amino acids (over-cooking can destroy amino acids)

What is SBM?

Most widely used in the U.S.Solvent extracted = 44-50% CP - standardized with hulls (48% CP)

Mechanically extracted = 41-44% CP

Must be heated for maximum feeding effectiveness (destroy anti-trypsin factor) (trypsin activates enzymes to breaks down proteins)

SBM has become the universal yardstick

What is CSM?

Southern U.S. (byproduct of the cotton industry)

36-41% CP, quality is lower (amino acid composition)

Contains gossypol which limits use for swine & poultry (cardiac disorder, yolk)

Satisfactory for ruminants

What is LSM?

Fiber used to weave linen cloth

Flaxseed is processed for linseed oil - meal is by-product

Limiting in both LYS & TRP; OK for ruminants

Contains conditioning factor (mucin) -> glossy hair coat, laxative effect

What is Sunflower Meal?

Wide range in CP and Fiber content

What is Safflow Meal?

Requires Less water in processing - oil is used

Less palatable

What is rapeseed meal?

Cool season plant

Canada Canola seed derives from rapeseed

Contains erucic acid (heart lesions)

Contains myrosinase enzyme (goiter) (heat process to denature)

Canola (hybrid) contains less erucic acid

Palatability is the big problem

What is Peanut Meal?

Must be aware of aflatoxins (produced by fungus)

Why is it not okay to feed ruminant tissue to ruminant animals?

Potential pyron contamination, causes BSE, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

What are the types of supplements of animal/marine origin?

Tankage, Meat Scrap, Blood Meal, Fish Meal, Feather Meal, Milk Products, and Miscellaneous Protein Sources

what is tankage?

By-product of meat processing industry (50-60% CP)

Processed under pressure

What is Meat Scrap?

Cuttings from meat that are not to be soldMore acceptable than tankage (45-55% CP)

Does not contain gut, tendons, or connective tissue

What is Blood Meal?

Very high in CP with high escape value (ruminants)

Low palatability

What is Fish Meal?

Over 90% in the U.S. Menhaden (fat fish from Atlantic -> used for oil)

Excellent quality, Ca, P, B vitamins - escape value!!

Expensive

What is feather meal?

Meal made out of feathers

High escape value for ruminants

Low in HIS, LYS, MET, TRP

What is milk products?

Very expensive

Cheese protein

Very high quality

Dairy calves

Starter diets (Swine)

What are the miscellaneous protein sources?

Animal Wastes

Broiler Litter

What are the general roughages?

Seed and Native Pastures

What are seed pastures?

Receive >20 inches of rainfall/year or are irrigated

Usually not native

Esatern half of the U.S. & coast of Washington, Oregon and Northern California

7 major species:

Bahiagrass

Bermudagrass

Orchardgrass

Reed Canarygrass

Ryegrass

Smooth bromegrass

Tall fescue

What are native pastures?

Receive

What are the warm-season grasses?

Bahiagrass, Bermudagrass, Crabgrass, Dallisgrass, Johnsongrass, Pearl Millet, Switchgrass

What is bahiagrass?

VERY aggressive, tolerant of low soil fertility

Close grazing is desirable

What is bermudagrass?

Common or hybrids

Hay harvested at 4-6 wk intervals

Close grazing

What is crabgrass?

Weed

Annual

High quality when leaves are growing

Very responsive to N

Doesn’t grow upwards

What is dallisgrass?

Clay & loam soils

Better quality than bermudagrass

Avoid seed head production

Decreases nutritive value and fungus can grow

What is johnsongrass?

Weed

Excellent hay

Drought tolerant

Continuous grazing???

Can work well

What is pearl millet?

Annual

Pasture or silage

Large stem

“About the size of a pinky” is when it should be cut for silage

Short season

Very productive

What is switchgrass?

Produces tremendous amount of dry matterNot as good as most

Graze close

Energy - (alternative energy source - alcohol = fuel)

What are the cool-season grasses?

Tall Fescue, Orchardgrass, Ryegrass & small grains

What is tall fescue?

Most common cool-season grass in U.S.

Very good quality (possibily best)

Very tolerant to drought, overgrazing, etc.

BUT fungal toxin Grows inside the plant

Endophyte free VS. Endophyte???

Endophyte free lost the tolerance

What is orchardgrass?

Requires higher fertility than fescue

Not tolerant to overgrazing

What is ryegrass & small grains?

Very suitable in southeast

Not recommended when feeding high grain diet

What are the advantages and disadvantages of legumes?

Advantages:

Fix N

Palatable

High in CP and Ca

Disadvantages:

Can cause bloat

Stand loss (not as hearty as grass)

Costly

What are the types of legumes?

Alfalfa, Clovers, Birds-Foot Trefoil, Lespedeza

What is alfalfa?

Grown extensively in the west and Midwest

Very high quality

Not tolerant to continuous grazing

What is clovers?

Red (pinkish to violet heads) = short lived ~2 years

White = cool season, with fescue not bermuda or bahia

Can be used to lower concentration of fescue toxin in pasture

Ladino = primarily grazing, not good hay (giant white)

Crimson = annual, grazing (long, red head)

Sweet = grows almost anywhere, contains coumarin (anti vit. K)

What is Bird’sFoot Trefoil?

Non-bloating

Short lived

Will not compete with bermuda & bahia

Warm-season

What is Lespedeza?

Developed for the south (heat tolerant)

Annual - quality forage in late summar (plant every year)

Perennial - Sericea - tannin problem

What are forbes and browse?

Forbes

Non-grass herbs which animals eat (weeds)

Browse

Edible parts of woody vegetation

Like a giraffe eating the leaves off a tree

What are the use of forage crops?

Pasture, Clip pastures, Proper fertilizer/lime, scatter droppings, interspecies grazing, soilage, and hay

What is the use of pasture for forage crops?

Need to control grazing

Shift location of salt shade, water

Avoid close late fall grazing

Avoid over- & under- grazing

What is clip pastures?

Control weeds

Get rid of course, unpalatable material

What is soilage? (green-chop)

Fresh forage that is cut & chopped in the field, then fed to penned animals (mostly dairies)

Advantages

Minimizies nutrient losses (VS. hay)

Minimizes wastage

Less fencing

Produces maximum yield/acre

Disadvantages

Special equipment

Labor

Weather-related problems for harvesting

What is hay?

Dehydrating green forage to <20% moisture

Common Losses

Shattered leaves (too dry / too much handling)

Heat damage (too wet / microbes)

Fermentation (slow drying)

Bleaching (too long / decreasing carotene)

In sunlight for too longLeaching (rained on)

Relative Humidity VS. Moisture

What are the haymaking systems?

Long, Loose Hay, Chopped Hay, Packaged Hay

What is long, loose hay?

Labor, bulky

Still popular in western U.S.

What is chopped hay?

Chopped in field & blown into storage area

What is packaged hay?

Bales

Rectangular (60 to 140 lbs) (very common)

Large rectangular (1000 to 15000 lbs; dairies)

Round bales (850 to 2000 lbs)

Can be dangerousWastageStorage space

FeedingStacks- 1 to 6 tonsLong, loose hay, is hydraulically pressed

Not easily transported

Prone to weather loss

Pelleting

How is hay stored?

Stacks in arid areas

Square bales - barn or coveredRound bales - stack on well-drained site

Wraps?? (waste??)

Losses VS. cost of shed

What is silage?

Product of acid fermentation of green crops that have been compressed & stored anaerobically

Basically to help preserve fresh cut crops

What does silage need?

Proper moisture (50 to 70%)

Proper stage of maturity (not in reproductive stage)

Lignin becomes less available cause of too much celluloseProper packingProper drainage

What are the phases making silage?

Phase 1 - (short phase) plant cells continue to response; microbes use O2; CO2 & heat produced

Phase 2 - acetic acid is produced (pH: 6.0 to 4.2) (microbe activity increasing)

Phase 3 - lactic acid formation begins and acetic acid formation decreases

Phase 4 - lactate production continues for 10 to 14 days, temperature gradually decreases, bacterial action ceases around pH ~ 4.0

Phase 5- silage constant; if pH not low enough - butyric acid production! :(

How long does it take to make silage?

Takes 0 to 25 days, acetic acid cycle is from 0 to 7 days, lactic is from 6 to 20 days, pH drops around 4 days in and continues dropping

What are the ways to process feedstuffs?

Grinding, Dry Rolling, Pelleting, Heat Treatment, High Moisture Harvesting, Reconstituted High Moisture Grain, Acid Preserved High Moisture Grain

What is grinding?

Hammer mill (most common grinder)

Burr mill (more uniform grind, pass between two plates/knives)

What is dry rolling?

Compressed between two rollers (product is usually called flakes)

What is pelleting?

Made with combination of heat, moisture, & pressure

What are the types of heat treatment?

Steam Rolling, Steam Flaking, Pressure flaking, Roasting, Extruding, Popping, Micronizing

What is difference between steam rolling and steam flaking?

Steam Rolling

Crimping

Not much improvement over drying rolling if not crimping

Short term exposure to steam

Steam Flaking

Long term exposure to steam

Same thing as Steam Rolling but more exposure to steam

Alters starch (indigestible before being heat treated)

Feed becomes more digestible (Cereal smell - quite pleasant)

What is extruding?

Similar to pelleting, but no moisture

The process is different, but the nutrition side of it isn’t very different

Used much more in the pet food industry

Heat & pressure -> forced through a hole makes a ribbon -> breaks into flakes

What is high moisture harvesting?

(25 to 30%) moisture

No ADG effect (average daily gain)Feed efficiency is improved

Storage is difficult due to moisture content

What is reconstituted high moisture grain?

Add H2O to dry grain to increase moisture to 25-30%May improve feed efficiency but not as much as high moisture harvesting (leaching??)

What is acid preserved high moisture grain?

Preserve with organic acids (acetic:propionic or propionic) thoroughly blended with high moisture grains. Prevents mold growth

What is nutrition?

the series of chemical, biochemical, & physiological processes which transform food elements into body tissues and activities.

What is a nutrient?

any chemical substance that can be used and is necessary for the maintenance, production and health of animals.

What is digestion?

the combination of mechanical, chemical and enzymatic processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) that prepares ingested material for absorption by reducing particle size and increasing water solubility.

What is absorption?

the passage or movement of the end products of digestion (nutrients) through the wall of the GI tract to the general circulation (blood)

What is distribution?

movement of nutrients from the absorptive sites to the various cells in the body via blood stream