Immunology Exam 2- highlighted

by taking shots for their allergies the patient could develop

tolerance for the allergen

localized areas of painful erythema and
hard swelling (induration); Lasts approximately 24 hours

arthus reaction

patients who receive foreign serum or some medications

serum sickness

Autoantibodies and T_H17 cells specific for thyroid antigens

thyroperoxidase

Inflammation triggers

goiter

Binding of Ab interferes with iodine uptake and the production of thyroid hormone

hyperthyroidism

secreted free light chains (κ or λ); detected in blood and urine and are diagnostic

Bence Jones proteins

innate and adaptive immune responses detect and destroy tumors

elimination

Innate and adaptive immune responses detect and destroy tumors

equilbrium

Tumor cells spread to other sites and lead to clinically apparent disease

escape

antibody excess

prozone effect

antigen excess

postzone effect

what examples of killing microorganisms or inactivated viruses

Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), rabies vaccine, Influenza (Flu shot)

Live-attenuated vaccines are mutant forms of what type of pathogens

live

Purified single or mixed components, e.g., proteins & polysaccharides

subunit vaccines

what are examples of subunit vaccines

toxoids

Immediate—antibody-mediated happens within seconds to hours of

second contact with allergen

Allergen elicits what type of antibody response upon sensitization

IgE antibody

Mast cell degranulation occurs within seconds—smooth muscle contractions, increases capillary permeability
, etc

early phase of hypersensitivity reaction

Eosinophils, PMNs, macrophages arrive and
degranulate—second release of mediators

late phase of hypersensitivity reaction

what does the early phase of hypersensitivity reactions include

mast cells

what does the late phase of hypersensitivity reactions include

eosinophils

what are examples of being atopic

asthma and food allergies

measures antigenic specific IGe

Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)

measures total serum IgE

Radioimmunosorbent test (RIST)

repeated injections of the allergen

desensitization

what might a patient develop if they are constantly given shots for their allergies

a tolerance

Donor blood group antigens not compatible with recipient; Anti-A and/or Anti-B IgM antibodies bind to and lead to destruction of donor RBCs

acute hemolytic transfusion reactions

a medical condition in which a baby's red blood cells are destroyed by antibodies produced by the mother's immune system, often due to Rh or ABO blood group incompatibility; happens in second pregnancy

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

a condition in which certain medications trigger the destruction of red blood cells, leading to a decrease in the body's ability to transport oxygen

Drug-induced hemolytic anemia

Deposition of circulating immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) in tissues, Accumulation in the skin, joints, blood vessel walls, lung alveoli, and kidney glomeruli

Type III or Immune Complex

localized areas of painful erythema and
hard swelling (induration)

Arthus reaction

patients who receive foreign serum or some medications

serum sickness

IgM, IgG, and IgA against IgG Fc; Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs, anti-CCP

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity involves what

T cells (CD4 and CD8)

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity happens as a response Response initiated by CD4+ T cells when they recognize and bind foreign antigen presented on MHC II by APCs – APC secretes IL-12 causing T cell differentiation into

Th1 cells

for CD8+ T cells (CTLs) Antigens where are presented on MHC I to CTL (e.g. intracellular infections)

inside the cell

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome involves Loss of/impairment of cell signaling and

actin cytoskeleton function

what leads to inadequate/no response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs)

Mutations in ATM gene

autoantibodies to host cell surface or extracellular matrix

type 2 hypersensitivity reactions

soluble immune complexes deposit in tissues

type 3 hypersensitivity reactions

autoimmunity caused by effector T cells

type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

Stimulation of B cells that make IgM, IgG, or IgA to the Fc region of IgG

Pathogenesis

Pathogenesis contain autoantibodies called

rheumatoid factor

structural similarities between a microorganism and self-antigens

Molecular mimicry

what is an example of molecular mimicry

myelin basic protein

Autoantibodies and T_H17 cells specific for thyroid antigens

thyroperoxidase

Inflammation triggers

goiter

swelling of thyroid gland

goiter

Binding of Ab interferes with iodine uptake and the production of thyroid hormones

hypothyroidism

what a risk factor of Ankylosing Spondylitis

HLA-B27

Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease affects the

kidneys and lungs

autoantibodies that specifically target the collagen found in the glomerular basement membrane are called what and their presence can lead to what

Anti-GBM antibodies, Glomerulonephritis

acute renal failure

Glomerulonephritis

what goes to human RBC I antigen

IgM

during paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria whatIgG coats RBCs at cold temperature (extremities) but lyses RBCs at 37^oC (core) (biphasic hemolysin

IgG

during warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, what coats RBCs at 37^oC and cells are lysed

IgG

what are examples of direct antiglobulin test that are polyspecific followed by monospecific

DAT; Direct Coombs test

the measurement of light transmitted through a suspension of particles

turbidimetry

a direct measurement of light scattered by particles suspended in solution

Nephelometry

what are the steps of principle

sensitization and lattice

Passive (indirect) agglutination is partially coated with what

Ag

during reverse passive agglutination, what is attached to a carrier particle

Ab

an example of Antibody detection is

hemagglutination inhibition

labeled antibody tests has labels that are

fluorescent enzyme, chemiluminescent, and radioactive

Detect antigens in tissue sample or cell suspension on a slide using an antigen-specific fluorescent labeled Ab

Direct fluorescent antibody tests

the labeled antibody is the what

conjugate

Detect unlabeled, primary patient antibody in sample using fluorescent-labeled secondary antibody, anti-immunoglobulin

Indirect fluorescent antibody tet to detect antibody

unlabled antibody is

patient serum

labeled anti-immunoglobin is

conjugate

Capture or sandwich immunoassay: detects what

antigens or antibodies

Signal inversely proportional to antibody concentration

Competitive immunoassay for antibody

for labeled antibody tests, you have to Incubate patient sample with

anti-drug Ab

binds free enzyme-labeled drug

anti drug Ab

immunoblotting, used to detect and analyze specific proteins in a biological sample by separating them based on size and then identifying them using antibodies

western blotting

how are antibodies detected

by using labeled anti-human antibody

during a dot blot (immunoblot) the antigen is added where and not where

added directly onto membrane filter, not separated electrophoretically

Assay to detect specific

antibody

a laboratory procedure or test used to measure and analyze the presence, quantity, quality, or activity of a substance (such as a chemical compound, biological molecule, or microorganism) in a sample

assay

in a complement fixation test, what is used to detect an Ab of interest

complement is used as a reagent

test system of complement fixation test’s test system is

Ag plus Ab

IgG or IgM to lipids released from damaged host cells during infection

Flocculation reaction with reagin

syphillis serology is not intended for routine screening, used for

confirmation of reactive RPR or VDRL

If blood is present in Cerebrospinal fluid testing for neurosyphilis then

reject sample

secreted free light chains (κ or λ); detected in blood and urine and are diagnostic

Bence Jones proteins

encompass the most common signs of MM

crab criteria

hypercalcemia

calcium

low creatinine clearance

Renal insufficiency

low hemoglobin

anemia

detected on radiography or CT

bone lessions

Many symptoms of Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia are due to what

hyperviscosity syndrome

Transplantation from one species to a different species (e.g. animal to human

xenograft

Transplantation from one individual to a genetically non-identical recipient and most common

Allograft

Transplantation from one individual to a genetically identical recipient (e.g. identical twins)

isograft

Transplantation from one site of an individual to another site of the same individual

autograft

Graft vs. Host Disease is prevented by what

irridation

Tumor (immune) surveillance theory of

Paul Ehrlich

Alpha-fetoprotein AFP-secreting tumors are seen in

hepatocellular carcinoma

Carcinoembryonic antigen CEA-secreting tumors are seen in

colorectal carcinoma

Prostate-­specific antigen (PSA) is often elevated in

prostate cancer