Psyc 2300 midterm (chp 1,2,3,5,6,7)

abnormal

thots, feelings, and behavior can be normal or abnormal but the line b/w the 2 are hard to define; need to understand reason behind behavior

continuum model of abnormality

behavior ranges on a continuum from normal to abnormal

abnormal psychology

study of ppl who experience mental/emotional/ physical pain

psychopathology

study of mental disorders/illness

cultural relativism

no universal standards or rules for laboring behavior as abnormal; diff cultures view things differently; no is right or wrong

culture determines how you

express certain symptoms and what behaviors you are comfortable expressing and what therapy/treatment you are willing to take

4 D's of abnormality

dysfunction, distress, deviance, dangerousness; use these to determine if behavior is abnormal or maladaptive

dysfunction

interference w/ daily life

distress

cause physical/emotional pain

deviance

outside of cultural/social norms

dangerousness

cause harm to them self or others

biological perspective on abnormality (historical)

relate behavior to physical disease that is caused by body system break; medical treatment to cure

supernatural perspective on abnormality (historical)

behaviors caused by deviance intervention, curses, demons, sins; cure thru spiritual rituals or reciting poems to rid self of sins

psychological perspective on abnormality (historical)

behavior caused by trauma or chronic stress

prehistoric theories on abnormality

supernatural causes; treat by drilled hole in head to let evil spirits out (trephination) or exorcism

ancient china theories on abnormality

caused by imbalance b/w positive and negative forces (yang and yin); buddhist view: internal organs control body and evil bewitched ppl caused abnormal behavior

ancient Egypt, greece, and rome theories on abnormality

looked at bio causes for behavior, rejected supernatural theories; humor imbalances caused disease (4 major: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile), treated by bleeding them to get rid of excess humor; hysteria: psychological symptoms caused by physical processes (pain but no medical explanation for it); wandering uterus: blamed women symptoms for (now) fibromyalgia , and make them drink bad fluids to calm uterus

medieval views on abnormality

psychic epidemics: psychological origin of abnormal behaviors seen in large group of ppl; treat by asylums: ppl w/ mental probs confined in 1 place, mistreated, pt rights advocacy, day treatment and halfway homes, get rid of asylums

renaissance on abnormality

natural theories: organic explanation; johann weyer: mind can get sick - gheel shrine (1st place to treat ppl with psych probs as pts w/ medical issue); asylums: psych floors created in hospitals (not treated any better); bedlam: known for poor conditions, chaining and imprisoning mentally ill

modern perspective on abnormality

new theories of abnormality developed (biological, psychological, social); drugs and pt rights and deinstitutionalization

community mental health movement

provide coordinated mental health services to ppl inc community mental health centers

halfway houses

offer ppl w/ long term mental health probs the opportunity to live in a structured supported environ

day treatment centers

allow ppl to obtain treatment during the day, along w/ occupational and rehabilitative therapies, but ppl return home at night

managed care

personal care providers makes referrals to pcp managing care (find appropriate care for pt); companies coordinate care from simple monitoring to total control

professions in abnormal psych

psychiatrists (MD), clinical psychologist (PhD), marriage/family therapists, clinical social workers, licensed mental health counselor, psych nurse

theory

set of ideas that provides a framework for questioning, gathering, and interpreting info abt a phenom; describe causes or contributing factors to mental disorders

therapy

treatments tht target causal factors of psychological disorders; based on theory tht addresses the factors

biopsychosocial approach

psychological symptoms result from interaction of bio, psych, and social factors; risk factors: increase risk of psych issues (transdiagnostic risk factor); diathesis-stress model

transdiagnostic risk factor

increases risk of multi types of psych probs

diathesis-stress model

risk factor and trigger come together in same individ and creates disorder; needs a risk factor and trigger to release a psych disorder

biological causes of abnormality

brain dysfunction (injury to brain causes dysfunction), biochemical imbalances (hormonal imbalances), genetic abnormalities (born w/ higher susceptibility to disorders

brain prts

forebrain (cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland), midbrain, hindbrain, limbic system (amygdala, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus), spinal cord, corpus colosseum

phineas gage

rod thru left frontal lobe; survived but behavior changed

NT's and synapse

many neural pathways can change moods if NTs aren't communicating; reuptake: release of NT and then reabsorb them to decrease the amount in synapse; degradation: receiving neuron releases enzyme that breaks them down in other biochems

NTs to know

serotonin: depression, anxiety, aggressive impulses (affect funct of key brain areas), dopamine: associated w/ reinforcement areas of brain, affected by subs and behaviors tht are pleasurable , norepinephrine: cocaine, amphetamine, prolong action of it by slowing reuptake, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): inhibits other NT, calming effect of drugs increase inhibitory activity (GAD)

behavioral genetics

study of genetics or personality or abnormality; apple don't fall from tree

polygenic

multi genetic abnormalities coming together to produces a specific disorder in 1 person

epigenetics

environ conditions affect expression of genes

biological therapies

drug therapies: medications tht alter funct of NT systems, therapeutic effects, brain stim techniques (ECT, rTMS, deep brain stim, vagus nerve stim), psychosurgery: destroy small prts of brain tht may be involved in symptoms (rare)

electroconvulsive therapy

induce seizure; shock therapy

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

magnetic impulse into certain areas of brian on diagnosis

deep brain stimulation

inducing electrical impulse into brain

vagus nerve stimulation

electrodes are implanted at vagus nerve and carries info to many prts of brain

assessing biological theories

turn to drugs rather than deal w/ issues, ignores environ and psych factors, and pessimistic abt recovery, significant side effects

psychological approaches

behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic and humanistic, family systems, emotion focused approaches

behavioral approach

abnormally is a result of rewards w/in environ due to experiences and how you acquired certain behaviors; classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling and observational learning

classical conditioning

ivan pavlov; pair neutral stimuli to naturally occurring stimuli (unconditioned stimuli, unconditioned response); neutral stimuli (conditioned stimuli) elicits natural stimuli (conditioned response)

operant conditioning

shape new behaviors by rewarding desired behaviors and punishing undesired behaviors; continuous (reward/punish happens right away), partial, and extinction

modeling

imitating behaviors; albert bandura: bobo doll experiment (saw teacher and how she acted w/ doll; kids repeated)

observational learning

observes rewards and punishments for other and behave accordingly to get reward

system desensitization

conquering fears, slow exposure to fear stimulus

assessing behavioral approaches

set standard for testing development of behaviors; not generalizable to real world because of complexity in real world; doesn't recognize role of free will

cognitive theories

human behavior is motivated by more than associations, rewards, and punishments; emphasize cognitions; causal attributions; global assumptions

cognitive therapies

goal: identify and challenge neg thots and help regulate those w/ more pos thots (create prob solving skills); cognitive behavioral therapy: cognitive and behavioral techniques together

cognitions

thots and beliefs affect emotions and behavior

causal attributions

meaning given to an event affects how ppl feel abt it and respond to it

global assumptions

broad beliefs abt oneself, relationships, and world, affect moment to moment interpretations of events

assessing cognitive approaches

treats a variety of disorders; hard to show maladaptive cognition precede and cause disorders; don't know if the symptoms or disorders cause what

psychodynamic approaches

unconscious influence everything which is hard to test bc you can't see it; psychoanalysis (long term); repression and catharsis

psychoanalysis

theory of personality and psychopathology; method of investigating the mind; form of treatment fro psychopathology

repression

defense mechanism in which ego pushes away emotions

catharsis

releasing emotions from unconscious

3 systems of human psyche

id: sex/aggressive drive (max pleasure, min pain); ego: gratification of id, impulses in socially acceptable ways (balances the other 2); superego: moral compass

psychosexual stages

oral (0-18 mnths): feeding and weaning, developing sense of whether one can rely on others to get needs met; anal (18-36 mnths): toilet training, developing self control; phalic (3-6 yrs): right vs wrong, identifying w/ same sex parent; latency (6 to puberty): academic and social skills; genital (puberty to adult): develop and maintain romantic and sexual relations

later psychodynamic theories

ego psychology; object relations; self psychology; relational psychoanalysis

ego psychology

emphasizes ego and a person's ability to regulate defense mechanisms in a way tht promotes adaptive funct

object relations

early relations w/ caregivers and important others affect how ppl view and experience all future relations

self psychology

emphasizes how ppls self concept affects the way they relate to others

relational psychoanalysis

emphasizes real and imagined relations w/ others and their role in abnormality

psychodynamic therapies

psychoanalysis: helps ppl recognize maladaptive coping strats and unconscious conflicts; free association (transference and walking thru); interpersonal therapy

free association

client talks abt whatever comes to mind, w/o censoring any thots

transference

client sees therapist as an important person from past and manifests a dialogue w/ them

working through

going over painful memories and difficult issues to emotionally resolve them (long term)

interpersonal therapy

focuses on pattern of relations w/ important ppl rather than looking at someone's unconscious

assessing psychodynamic approaches

most comprehensive of human behavior; difficult to test its assumptions scientifically; long term nature makes it unaffordable

additional approaches

humanistic; family systems; third wave (dialectical behavioral therapies, acceptance and commitment therapy)

humanistic

carl rogers: self actualization, problems arrive when you are not striving to reach it and get stuck, ppl inherently good (long term); client centered therapy

family systems

work w/ entire family; look at process of family and identify probs and try to help change them to allow success for 1 person w/in family

dialectical behavioral therapies (DBT)

used originally for suicidal pts, but now used for borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety, PTSD, eating disorder

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

self forgiveness

sociocultural approaches

looks beyond the individ or family to larger society to understand ppls problems; risk factors for mental health probs (financial, upheaval and disintegration of societies, social norms and policies tht stigmatize certain groups, implicit/explicit societal rules abt what types of abnormal behaviors are acceptable)

cross cultural issues in treatment

psychotherapies are focused on individ and value expression of emotions where culture is collective and inhibition of emotions; clients from cultures tht defer to authority may have difficulty taking an active role in therapy; economic class/ race; issues of age, sex, gender diffs b/w client and therapist

prevention programs

primary: stopping develop of disorders before they start; secondary: detecting disorders at earlier stages to prevent develop of disorder (commonly done by therapist, can give medicine to reduce chances); tertiary: preventing relapse and reducing impact of disorder on persons quality of life

common elements in effective treatment

pos relation b/w client and therapist; provides clients w/ explanation of why they are suffering; encourage clients to confront painful emotions and have techniques for helping become less sensitive to emotions

assessment

process of gathering info abt causes of symptoms; give them a label (be careful of impact of label)

characteristics of assessment

validity: accuracy of test in assessing what its supposed to measure; reliability: consistency of test in assessing what its supposed to measure; standardization: strict guidelines regarding method of administering a test

face validity

appears to measure what its supposed to

content vaildity

assesses all important aspects of phenomenon

concurrent validity

yields same results as other measures of same behaviors, thots, feelings

predictive validity

predicts behavior tht it measures

construct validity

test measures what its supposed to not something else

test retest reliability

test produces sim results when given at 2 pts in time

alternate form reliability

2 versions of same test produce sim results

internal reliability

diff prts of same test produce sim results

interrator/interjudge reliability

2 or more raters who administer and score a test come to sim results

clinical interview

initial: gather initial impressions which guide further info gathering, often includes mental status exam; structured: series of carefully worded questions abt symptoms experienced currently or in past, standardized format, concrete criteria used to score response

symptom questionnaires

cover wide variety of symptoms, repping several diff disorders; beck depression inventory: most widely used depression test; 21 items each that describe 4 levels of given symptom of depression; criticized for not clearly diffing b/w clinical syndrome of depression and normal distress; used more as gauge of how therapy is going (unethical to use it to make diagnosis)

personality inventories

questionnaires meant to assess ppl typical way of thinking, feeling, behaving; Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI): widely used, 567 t/f questions, assists in diagnosis but not meant to be used alone, validity scale: show how person approaches test

behavioral observation

clinician looks for specific behaviors and what precedes and follows these behaviors; advantage: not relying on individs reporting and interpretation of own behaviors; disadvantages: individs may later their behavior when being watched; analog: bring to lab and watch (not reliable, controlled); naturalistic: keep in natural environ

self monitoring

keeping track of how often they engage in specific behavior and conditions under which it occurs; open biases in what individs notice abt their behavior and are willing to report