A&P II Lecture Final

Light is refracted when it passes

between media of different optical densities at an oblique angle

Glaucoma is usually caused by

accumulation of aqueous humor

Receptors for the general senses are found

widely distributed throughout the body

As they extend from the retina to the brain, the nerve fibers

from the nasal half of each retina cross over

Pain impulses are first processed in the

gray matter of the posterior horn

Max returns to his dorm room late at night to find his roommate throwing up. The smell is at first so bad that Max wants to vomit too, but after helping his roommate clean up, the odor seems to fade. Max has experienced

sensory adaptation

Smell and taste disorders may be caused by

all of the above

Otosclerosis affects the

auditory ossicles

A sensation is _______ *,* and projection of a sensation is the ________

a feeling that results from sensory stimulation; brain causing it to seem to come from the receptors being stimulated

Pain receptors

respond to factors that can damage tissue

Which of the following is not a primary taste sensation?

pungent

The painkiller sold as Ziconotide comes from a

snail

Opiate drugs come from a

plant

Which of the following is part of the inner tunic of the eye?

retina

Temperature senses use two types of

free nerve endings

Taste receptors are

modified epithelial cells

The hearing receptors are most closely associated with the

spiral organs

Lorelei thinks of the days of the week and months of the year as particular colors. She has

synesthesia

The sequence of information flow in response to biting into a slice of pizza is

sensory receptors activated, impulses sent to CNS, sensation, perception

Anosmia is loss of

smell

The range of human hearing is about

20-20,000 vibrations per second

Irving, who is 78 years old, takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. He may be disappointed, because the hormone has been shown only to

decrease fat and increase muscle mass, but not improve strength

the secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

concentration of blood calcium

Cortisol

stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates

Cretinism is caused by

Hypothyroidism

Vitamin B12 is poorly absorbed in the absence of

intrinsic factor

The proteins that B cells produce that attack foreign cells are

antibodies

In edema

tissues swell with fluid

A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a(n)

thrombus

What is the substance in tea that binds iron, reducing the amount absorbed?

tannic acid

Which is the most rare ABO blood type in the US?

AB

Thrombocytopenia is due to a deficiency of

platelets

Which of the following are most active as phagocytes?

neutrophils

A pulmonary embolism is most likely caused by a clot reaching

a lung through a pulmonary artery

The formed elements in the blood are

mostly red blood cells

As a platelet plug forms, platelets release

serotonin

The normal white blood cell count is

4,500-10,000 cells per microliter of blood

Sickle cell disease is caused by

a mutation

Cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of

deoxyhemoglobin

Blood vessel spasms following an injury are stimulated by

serotonin released by platelets

The basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change of

fibrinogen to fibrin

The form of anemia caused by lack of dietary iron is

iron deficiency anemia

What is the difference between serum and plasma?

plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not

In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve

bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

Heart rate in a fetus is about ________,__ in a newborn about ________, and in an adult about ________

145; 140; 70

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by

increasing peripheral resistance

When smooth muscles in the walls of the veins are stimulated to contract

blood pressure increases

Once cells in the SA node reach threshold,

an action potential is triggered

Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with

ventricular contraction

When venous pressure is too low, \____________ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contract.

sympathetic reflexes

Astronauts returning to earth feel unsteady because

blood volume dropped during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too low back on earth

Circulation is vital because it

supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues

the inner lining of the heart is the

endocardium

in an ECG pattern, the P wave is caused by

depolarization of atrial muscle fibers

the heart pumps about \____ liters of blood a day and contracts about \____ times in a lifetime

7,000 liters; 2.5 billion

Which of the following is most life threatening?

ventricular fibrillation

The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

Small areas of the myocardium contracting chaotically is called

fibrillation

An abnormally slow heart rate is termed

bradycardia

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

sinoatrial node

Which of the following might serve as a secondary pacemaker for the heart?

both AV node and Purkinje fibers

The longest vein in the body is the

great saphenous vein

Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ________, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to _________.

hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure

The loose-fitting sac around the heart is the

parietal pericardium

Blood flow to the right side of the heart muscle decreases due to constriction of the ________, and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in _________

right coronary artery; ischemia

The tissues of the spleen are called

red and white pulp

Following a primary immune response, the cells that give rise to memory cells are

both B cells and T cells

Drugs used to reduce the tissue rejection reaction following the transplantation of tissue from one person to another

dampen the recipients immune response

In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed towards

cells of the body ("self")

Tissue fluid is \______ and lymph is \______.

forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries

The mononuclear phagocytic system includes

monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is

naturally acquired active immunity

A vaccine can halt an infection in a population if everyone is vaccinated due to

herd immunity

Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by

the lymphatic system

A transplant recipient's body rejects a transplanted organ because her \_______ does not match that of the donor closely enough

major histocompatibility complex

The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is

IgG

In the cellular immune response

T cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them

A newborn is protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections thanks to IgA from the mother's

milk

The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are

lymphocytes and macrophages

Plasma cells

produce antibody molecules

Interleukin-1 secretion causes

a fever

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the

hilum

An immune response that is slower but more specific for the pathogen is the

adaptive defense

Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system

rapidly

Cytotoxic T cells destroy

cancer cells and virus-containing cells

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the digestion of lipids?
1. Formation of chylomicrons
2. Emulsification by bile
3. Dissolved in the epithelial cell membrane
4. Hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase
5. Diffusion into lacteal ducts

2, 4, 3, 1, 5

During the defecation reflex, the

diaphragm is lowered

The root canal of a tooth contains

blood vessels and nerves

An X-ray series of the bile ducts is called a

cholangiogram

Enlarged blood vessels of the anal columns is called

hemorrhoids

The tissues turning yellow (jaundice) is due to the accumulation of

bile pigments

The digestive system

ingests food, propels food, mechanically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and defecates the remainder.

Gallstones are usually composed of

cholesterol

\_____ is a protein-splitting enzyme in pancreatic juice

trypsin

The epiglottis is attached to the

larynx

Edith suffers from severe heartburn. She goes to her physician and is diagnosed with a hiatal hernia. This condition affects her

diaphragm

Over-the-counter antacids usually include

sodium, aluminum, calcium, or magnesium.

The main part of the stomach is called the

body

VLDL are produced in which organ?

liver

The parietal cells of gastric glands secrete

hydrochloric acid