Developmental and Personality Psychology Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering developmental psychology stages, research methods, Piaget's cognitive theory, and various personality psychology perspectives including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic approaches.

Developmental Psychology

The study of the psychic development of the individual from conception to the end of life, examining cognitive, emotional, social, and personality development.

Interactionist Perspective

The modern view that development is the result of the interaction between biological (heredity) and environmental factors.

Critical and Sensitive Periods

Specific time periods during which certain abilities, such as language acquisition, develop optimally.

Bio-psycho-social Transitions

Major turning points in development where biological, psychological, and social changes occur simultaneously.

Longitudinal Study

A research design where the same individuals are studied over a long period to track real developmental changes.

Cross-sectional Study

A research design that compares different age groups at the same point in time.

Sequential (Combined) Study

A research design that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional methods to reduce biases.

Habituation

A special research method used with infants to investigate the process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus.

Perceptual Constancies

The ability to perceive objects as constant in shape, size, and color, even when the sensory image changes.

Implicit Memory

A type of memory functioning in infancy, such as recognizing the mother's voice or face.

Childhood Amnesia

The phenomenon where early life experiences are lost or cannot be consciously recalled.

Senzomotoros szakasz (Sensorimotor Stage)

Piaget's first stage ($0-2$ years) where thinking is tied to action and object permanence develops.

Műveletek előtti szakasz (Pre-operational Stage)

Piaget's second stage ($2-7$ years) characterized by intuitive thinking, egocentrism, and magical thinking.

Konkrét műveleti szakasz (Concrete Operational Stage)

Piaget's third stage ($7-11$ years) where logical thinking appears but is limited to concrete situations, and conservation is understood.

Formális műveleti szakasz (Formal Operational Stage)

Piaget's final stage ($11+$ years) involving abstract thinking, hypothesis formation, and abstract problem-solving.

Assimilation

The process of fitting a new experience into existing mental schemas.

Accommodation

The process of modifying existing schemas to fit new information.

Holofrázisok (Holophrases)

Single words used by children around one year of age to represent the meaning of entire sentences.

Erik Erikson's Identity Theory

The concept that identity is a stable self-image formed primarily in adolescence through the exploration of roles and values.

Temperament

The biological basis of personality that is innate, relatively constant, and determines emotional reactivity.

Big Five

A modern trait model describing personality through five dimensions: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism (emotional instability), and openness to experience.

Id (Ösztön-én)

The innate part of personality according to Freud that operates on the 'pleasure principle' and seeks immediate gratification.

Ego (Én)

The part of personality that adapts to reality, makes decisions, and mediates between the id and the external world.

Superego (Felettes-én)

The part of personality representing moral rules, conscience, and internalized societal norms.

Elhárító mechanizmusok (Defense Mechanisms)

Strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety, such as denial, repression, projection, or regression.

Kollektív tudattalan (Collective Unconscious)

Carl Jung's concept of ancient, shared human experiences stored in the mind.

Archetípusok (Archetypes)

Primordial images in the collective unconscious, such as the 'mother' or the 'hero'.

Klasszikus kondicionálás (Classical Conditioning)

Pavlov's learning theory where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural reflex response.

Operáns kondicionálás (Operant Conditioning)

Skinner's theory that behavior is shaped by its consequences through reinforcement or punishment.

Szociális tanuláselmélet (Social Learning Theory)

Albert Bandura's theory stating that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling.

Kongruencia (Congruence)

Carl Rogers' concept of harmony between an individual's self-concept and their actual experiences.

Önmegvalósítás (Self-actualization)

The basic human motivation in phenomenological psychology to unfold one's abilities and achieve personal fulfillment.

Locus of Control

Julian Rotter's concept distinguishing between an internal control (one directs events) and external control (fate or others direct events).

Reciprok determinizmus (Reciprocal Determinisim)

Bandura's concept of the mutual interaction between behavior, environment, and personal factors.