CH.5: MiCRO

_____ - sum of all chemical reactions within the cell

metabolism

____ - enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation. O2 is not required

fermentation

where do enzymes function best/most active on the pH scale?

5\.0

2 parts of metabolism are:

catabolism and anabolism

______: breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler ones; energy is released

catabolism

______ - building complex organic molecules from simples ones; energy is used

anabolism

quick definition of catabolism:

energy-__**RELEASiNG process**__

quick definition of anabolism

energy-__**USiNG process**__

coupling of catabolic/anabolic reactions is made possible through ____

ATP

_____ is stored in this molecule an then released 2 drive anabolic reactions

energy

______ the sum of chemical reactions in an organism

microbial metabolism

catabolism provides the building blocks and energy for ______

anabolism

ADP + P = ??

ATP

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In catabolism, complex molecules such as _______ are utilized

starch, proteins, and lipids

catabolic reactions transfer energy from _____ to ATP

complex molecules

In catabolism, simple molecules such as _______ are utilized

glucose, amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids

________: transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP (reaction)

catabolic reaction

______: transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules (reaction)

anabolic reaction

after an anabolic reaction has transferred energy from ATP to complex molecules, then ___________

heat is released

_______ uses energy to SYNTHESIZE macromolecules that make up cell

anabolism

____ releases energy by oxidation of molecules

catabolism

energy is released by the ______

hydrolysis of ATP

(general) energy is stored in ________

molecules of ATP

______ are encoded by genes

enzymes

________ are determined by enzymes

metabolic pathways

a ________ is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

metabolic pathway

name the mf COMPLEX molecules:

carbohydrate, protein, lipid and NA

list simpLe “building blocks:”

monosaccharide (C3-C7), amino acid, and triglyceride

genetically, bacteria ______ have enzyme

does and doesn’t

_____ - not using energy, but speeding up a reaction

catalyst

_____ - **intervals of increased rates of taxon gains and/or losses**

turnover

our body assemble ____ to make protein

amino acid

our body assemble ______ to make carbohydrate

monosaccharide (C3-C7)

our body assemble _______ to make lipids

triglyceride

a substrate must be a _________

specific shape to fit

the shape of ______ = important so they fit together

active site

carbohydrate = carbohydr__**ase**__ = __*___?____*__

enzyme

NAD^+ + H = NADH, which produces ___ ATPs

3

the equation to produce 3 ATPs

NAD + H = __**NADH**__

NADP^+ + H = NADPH, which produces __ ATPs

4

the equation to produce 4 ATPs:

NADP + H = __NADPH__

the equation to produce 2 ATPs:

FAD + H = FADH

FAD^+ + H = FADH, which produces __ ATPs

2

_____ produces coenzymes and metal, which produce NADH, NADPH, FADH

Cofactor

_____ - losing electrons

oxidation

_____ - gaining electrons

reduction

_____organisms have same optimal temp

not all

Not all organisms have the _____________-

same optimal temp

low temp = ??

low activity

high temp = ??

high activity

what’s the ratio of substrate to enyme?

1:1

______ substrate = enzyme__

1 = 1

_______ - compete for an active site

competitive

a competitive or active site must have:

a shape close to the substrate

enzyme is _____ and can react with other substrates

unchanged

substrate is transformed and rearranged into ____ , which released from the enzyme

products

substrate contacts the enzyme’s active site to form an _________

enzyme-substrate complex

___: compound(s) being acted upon by the enzyme

substrate

enzymes are biological _____

catalysts

enzymes are ______ reaction

__***specific***__ to 1

enzymes range in size from _____ __to__ _____ in molecular weight

10,000 to several million

enzymes are a type of ______

protein

enzymes are type of protein, ____ __reaction in the cell by lowering the activation energy__

catalyzes

enzyme is a type of protein which catalyzes reactions in the cell by ______ the activation energy

lowering

metals involved in cofactor process:

mg, zn, fe

_____ - maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule can convert to product each second

turnover number

control of enzymes = ??

level of enzyme synthesis and activity

level of enzyme synthesis means:

how much is present

level of enzyme activity means:

how active an enzyme is

names of enzymes usually end in ___

ase

Names of enzymes usually end in *ase;* grouped based on the reaction they _____

catalyze

In enzymes, the turnover # is generally _________ molecules per second__

1-10,000

what’s the pink and what’s the white?

substrate and enzyme

what is function of enzyme?

lowering the activation energy

_____: can be entirely protein or contain some other components

enzyme composition

…can be entirely protein…the protein part is called _____

apoenzyme

an apoenzyme is the _____

protein portion or component

non-protein is called the _____

co-factor

co-factor is the ___________

non-protein portion or component

if co-factor is complex organic molecule, it’s called ______

coenzyme

_____: enzyme consisting of apoenzyme and cofactor (apoenzyme + cofactor = ?)

holoenzyme

purpose/role of coenzymes

assist enzymes; electron carriers

coenzymes consist of:

NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD, CoA

NAD+ means

__nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide__

NADP+ means

__nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate__

NADP+ derived from ___________

B vitamin nicotinic acid (niacin)

NADP+, FMN, and FAD functions:

electron carriers

FMN means

flavin mononucleotide

FAD means

flavin adenine dinucleotide

function of CoA

important in breakdown of fats and in reactions of Krebs Cycle

many cofactors are ______

metal ions

an example of a metal ion - a cofactor

Mg^2+

many cofactors are metal ions such as, Mg^2+, which is required by _______

phosphorylating enzymes

many cofactors are metal ions such as, Mg^2+, which provide ________

link between the molecule and ATP

many ____ __are probably important due to their use as__ _______

trace elements; cofactors

in enzymatic action, substrate binds to ____ on the surface of enzyme

active site

In enzymatic action, temporary intermediate complex forms _______

enzyme-substrate complex

substrate binds to active site on the surface of enzyme = ___ enzymatic step

1st enzymatic action step

temporary intermediate complex forms - enzyme-substrate complex = ___ enzymatic step

2nd enzymatic action step

substrate transformed …other molecule added, molecule rearranged, bond broken, etc. = ___ enzymatic step

3rd enzymatic action step