Psychological Assessment Terms & Names

Reviewer provided from the course shell

ability test

The ____ is a test that determines the upper limits of the test takers knowledge or skills.

achievement

This pertains to previous learning.

achievement test

The ____ is a test that measures how an individual has learned over time and what the individual has learned by \n analyzing his present performance. It also measures how a person understands and masters a particular knowledge \n area at the present time.

acquiescence

It is a term that refers to the tendency to agree or to endorse a test item as true.

administrative

The _____ use of a test is when test results provide information that is needed for “quality control”.

age differentiation

It is the discrimination based on the fact that older children have greater capabilities than younger children.

age scale

This is a test in which items are grouped according to age level. (The Binet scale, for example, grouped into one \\n age level items that two-thirds to three-quarters of a representative group of children at a specific age could \\n successfully pass.)

Alfred Binet

He is a French psychologist who developed the first truly psychological test of mental ability.

Alfred Binet

He believed that cognitive functions such as memory, attention, imagination and comprehension would provide a more appropriate measure of intelligence.

alternate choice-response

This response is drawn from the test takers when test administrators present a question and set possible answer to question like multiple choice, T/F, matching type.

ANCOVA

This is used to test the main and interaction effects of categorical variables on a continuous dependent variable, controlling for the effects of selected other continuous variables, which co-vary with the dependent.

Analysis of Covariance

What does ANCOVA stand for?

ANOVA

It is a collection of statistical models used to analyze the differences among group means and their associated procedures (such as "variation" among and between groups).

Analysis of Variance

What does ANOVA stand for?

anxiety

It is an unpleasant emotional state marked by worry, apprehension, and tension.

aptitude

This is known as the potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill (for example, musical ___).

\n Army Alpha

This is an intelligence test developed during World War I and used by the army for soldiers who ***can*** read.

Army Beta

This is an intelligence test developed during World War I and used by the army for soldiers who ***cannot*** read.

basal

It refers to the level at which a minimum criterion number of correct responses is obtained.

base rate

In decision analysis, the _____ is the proportion of people expected to succeed on a criterion if they are chosen at random.

biserial

The ______ correlation is an index used to express the relationship between a continuous variable and an artificially dichotomous variable.

category format

This format is a rating-scale format that often uses the categories 1 to 10.

ceiling

This refers to a certain number of incorrect responses in a test that indicate the items are too difficult.

central tendency error

This is a type of rating error in which a rater consistently rates all employees in the middle of the scale, regardless of their actual levels of performance.

Charles Spearman

He laid down the model of general mental ability or the two factor theory of intelligence.

\n class interval

This is the unit for the horizontal axis in a frequency distribution.

coefficient alpha

This is a generalized method for estimating reliability. Alpha is similar to the KR20 formula, except that it allows items to take on values other than 0 and 1.

coefficient alpha

This term is also synonymous with Cronbach Alpha.

coefficient of alienation

In correlation and regression analysis, the _____ is the index of non-association between two variables.

coefficient of determination

This is the correlation coefficient squared.

coefficient of determination

This gives an estimate of the percentage of variation in that is known as a function of knowing X (and vice versa).

Cognitive Abilities Test Form 7

What does COGAT Form 7 stand for?

COGAT Form 7

It is a standardized test that measures fluid intelligence. It \n provides three separate scores: verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal.

composite score

It is a single score that is the sum of the scores of several items or dimensions.

concurrent validity evidence

It is the evidence for criterion validity in which the test and the criterion are administered at the same point in time.

congruent validity

This type of validity measure correlating the same construct.

construct validity evidence

This is a process used to establish the meaning of a test through a series of studies.

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To evaluate this, a researcher simultaneously defines some construct and develops the instrumentation to measure it.

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In the studies, observed correlations between the test and other measures provide evidence for the meaning of the test.

content validity evidence

It is the evidence that the content of a test represents the conceptual domain it is designed to cover.

convergent evidence

This is the evidence obtained to demonstrate that a test measures the same attribute as do other measures that purport to measure the same thing.

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It is a form of construct validity evidence.

correction for attenuation

It is the correction of the reduction, caused by low reliability, in the estimated correlation between a test and another measure.

correction for attenuation

The ____ formula is used to estimate what the correlation \n would have been if the variables had been perfectly reliable.

correlation coefficient

It is a mathematical index used to describe the direction and the magnitude of a relationship between two variables.

\-1.0 and 1.0

The correlation coefficient ranges between __ and __.

criterion-referenced test

It is a test that describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge of an individual relative to a well-defined mastery criterion.

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The content of these tests is limited to certain well-defined objectives.

criterion reference scoring

This scoring indicates where the test takers fall relative to the content of the test.

criterion validity evidence

It is the evidence that a test score corresponds to an accurate measure of interest.

criterion

The measure of interest in the criterion validity evidence is called the ___.

cross validation

It is the process of evaluating a test or a regression equation for a sample other than the one used for the original studies.

crystalized intelligence

This is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. As we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, _____ becomes stronger.

David Weschler

He is an American psychologist and inventor of several widely used intelligence tests for adults (WAIS) and children (WISC).

David Weschler

He defined intelligence as the aggregate of global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.

deciles

These are points that divide the frequency distribution into equal tenths.

descriptive statistics

These are methods used to provide a concise description of a collection of quantitative information.

developmental quotient

In the Gesell Developmental Schedules, the ____ is a test score that is obtained by assessing the presence or absence of behaviors associated with maturation.

dichotomous format

It is a test item format in which there are two alternatives for each item.

differential validity

It is the extent to which a test has different meanings for different groups of people.

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Ex: a test may be a valid predictor of college success for white but not for African American students.

discriminability analysis

In item analysis, the _____ is how well an item performs in relation to some criterion.

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Ex: items may be compared according to how well they separate groups who score high and low on the test.

index of discrimination

In discriminability analysis, this would then be the association between performance on an item and performance on the whole test.

discriminant analysis

It is a multivariate data analysis method for finding the linear combination of variables that best describes the classification of groups into discrete categories.

discriminant evidence

This is evidence obtained to demonstrate that a test measures something different from what other available tests measure.

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A form of construct validity evidence.

discrimination index

This separates the bright from the poor ones. Thus, a good test item separates the bright from the not so bright students.

distractors

These are alternatives on a multiple-choice exam that are not correct or for which no credit is given.

Edward Lee Thorndike

He believed that each mental activity requires an aggregate different set of abilities and identified that abstract intelligence has four attributes namely its level, range, area and speed.

estimated learning potentials

The ____ take the place of IQ scores.In the SOMPA system, WISC-R scores adjusted for the socioeconomic background of the children.

expectancy effects

It is the tendency for results to be influenced by what experimenters or test administrators expect to find.

Rosenthal effect

This is the other term for expectancy effects: the tendency for results to be influenced by what experimenters or test administrators expect to find.

face validity

It is the extent to which items on a test appear to be meaningful and relevant.

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Actually not evidence for validity because it is not a basis for inference.

factor analysis

It is a method of finding the minimum number of dimensions (characteristics, attributes), called factors, to account for a large number of variables.

false negative

In test-decision theory, the ____ is a case in which the test suggests a negative classification, yet the correct classification is positive.

false positive

In test-decision analysis, the ____ is a a case in which the test suggests a positive classification, yet the correct \n classification is negative.

fluid intelligence

It refers to the ability to reason and think flexibly.

\
**Crystallized intelligence** refers to the accumulation \n of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired throughout life.

\
It involves being able to think and reason abstractly \n and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education.

Francis Galton

He believes that intelligence is inherited and posited that most intelligent persons were those equipped with the best sensory abilities.

free response item

This type of item is where a response is drawn when test takers are presented with questions without a set of possible answer (essay, short answer, fill in the blanks).

frequency distribution

This is the systematic arrangement of scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how frequently each value occurred.

general cognitive index

In the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities, the ___ is a standard score with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 16.

group test

The ___ is a test that a single test administrator can give to more than one person at a time.

guidance use of a test

This is when test results are useful in predicting an individual’s success in a field of study and thus aid him in choosing an appropriate course of study.

halo error

This is a type of rating error that occurs when raters allow either a single attribute or an overall impression of an individual to affect the ratings they make on each relevant job dimension.

hit rate

In test-decision analysis, the ____ is the proportion of cases in which a test accurately predicts success or failure.

Howard Gardner

He proposed the theory of multiple intelligence and mentioned that there are 7 of them which are independent of each other.

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These intelligence are:


1. verbal,
2. mathematical,
3. musical,
4. spatial,
5. kinaesthetic,
6. interpersonal,


1. intrapersonal.

human ability

This term refers to behaviors that reflect either what a person has learned or the person’s capacity to emit a specific behavior; includes achievement, aptitude, and intelligence.

impression management

This refers to the selective exposure of some information or suppression of other information.

individual tests

These are tests that can be given to only one person at a time.

inferences

These are logical deductions (from evidence) about something that one cannot observe directly.

inferential statistics

These are methods used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people, called a **sample**.

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These inferences are then used to estimate the characteristics of a larger group of individuals, known as a **population**.

sample

In inferential statistics, the ____ is the small group of people from a population.

population

In inferential statistics, the ____ is the larger group of people from which a sample is taken from.

instructional use of a test

In this use of a test, it is when the teacher with information that is helpful in providing more effective instructional guidance for individual pupils and for the whole class.

intelligence

It is referred to as the general potential independent of previous learning. It refers to a person’s ability to solve problems, adapt to changing circumstances, think abstractly, and profit from experience.

intelligence quotient

The ____ is the unit for expressing the results of intelligence tests.

\
The ___ is based on the ratio of the individual’s mental age (MA) (as determined by the test) to actual or chronological age.

intelligence test

The ____ refers to the process of identifying, quantifying, and characterizing cognitive abilities by administration and scoring items designed for that purpose.

intercept

On a two-dimensional graph, the ____ is the point on the Y axis where X equals 0.

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In regression, this is the point at which the regression line intersects the Y axis.

inter-item consistency

The ____ refers to the degree of correlation among all the items on a scale.

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This is used to assess the homogeneity of the test.

inter-scorer reliability

The ____ is the degree of agreement or consistency between two or more scorers (or judges or raters) with regard to a particular measure.

internal consistency

The inter-item consistency is the method used to obtain the estimates of ____ which can either be KR 20 or Cronbach alpha.

internal validity

The ____ is the degree of agreement among different observers or raters.

interquartile range

The ___ is the interval of scores bounded by the 25th and the 75th percentiles.

interval scale

The ___ is a scale that one can use to rank order objects or individuals.

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It has the properties of **magnitude** and **equal intervals** but ***not absolute zero***.

interview

The ___ is a method of gathering information by talk, discussion, or direct questions.

ipsative score

The ____ is a test result presented in relative rather than absolute terms.

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These are made to compare the individual against him- or herself.

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Each person thus provides his or her own frame of reference.