cluster 73b final

Compare the incidence of the diagnosis of depression and schizophrenia. How does this differ across the lifespan and between males and females?

Depression is more common in women, and schizophrenia is more common in men.
Schizophrenia usually occurs later in life.
Depression can occur earlier in life.
Schizophrenia in men is diagnosed earlier in life than in women.

What are some of the key symptoms of depression? (Feb 14th lecture)

Sleeping problems
Hard time focusing
Loss of enjoyment
Consistent sadness for most of the day for at least 2 weeks
Sense of worthlessness
Major weight fluctuations
Appetite issues
Fatigue and physical pain
Restlessness and irritability

What are some of the risk factors for the development of depression?

Change of seasons (seaonsal affective disorder)
Genetic (2x if first degree relative is affected)
Traumatic Events
Reactive (loss of loved one, breakup, financial difficulties)
Gender: more women are affected (2x)

What is the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

Monamine hypothesis: depression results from lower levels of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin and norepinephrine, mostly)
Action drugs that treat depression (increase monamines in synapses)
Levels of monamines important in sleep/wake cycle - this is disrupted in depression
Depletion of monoamines through a diet lacking amino acids that are precursors can result in depression for people who are predisposed

What is the biology behind monoamine and depression?

MAO (Monamine oxidase) inhibitors (nardil) act on the enzyme that breaks down monoamines in the presynaptic cell
Reuptake inhibitors (celexa, lexapro, effexor) block the reuptake of serotonin and/or norepinephrine in the synapse

What are the problems with the monamine hypothesis?

drugs act very quickly to change levels of monamines at the synapse, but don't affect symptoms for at least a couple of weeks
No clear genetic link with monamine systems: receptors do not seem affected
In milder forms of depression, antidepressants are not much more effective than a placebo

Which brain structure abnormalities are associated with depression?

Hippocampal volume is reduced
Increased activation in the amygdala
Increased activity in the frontal lobe with cognitive tasks

Which of the following is not a symptom used for diagnosing depression?
- Change in weight
- Sleep problems
- Distractibility
- Irritability

distractibility

Depression occurs in approximately what percent of the population over 12 years old?

7%

Which of the following is not a symptom used for diagnosing a manic phase of bipolar disorder?
- Fatigue
- Talking rapidly
- Irritability
- Grandiose feelings

Fatigue

What are symptoms of Bipolar Disorder?

1) Period of elated behavior cycling with depression
2) More similarities with schizophrenia than witih depression
3) Manic period:
- High energy, creativity, racing thoughts
- Little desire to sleep
- Talking very rapidly, jumping from subject to subject
- Hyperactive movements
- Grandiose feelings, feeling invincible
- Recklessness
- Irritability
- Distractability
- Symptoms of psychosis: delusions

What are treatment methods for mood disorders?

- Therapy (cognitive/behavioral)
- exercise/healthy eating
- Antidepressants
- Ketamine (NMDA antagonist)
- New approaches - TMS to prefrontal cortex
- For Bipolar Disorder, mood stabilizers (Lithium) and atypical antispychotic drugs are used
- In severe cases of depression, electroconvulsive therapy

Bipolar Disorder affects what percent of the population?

2-3%

T or F: According to the "monoamine hypothesis," depression results from lower levels of monoamine neurotransmitters (primarily serotonin and norepinephrine).

true

Depression often first appears in...

young adulthood

Why are women more likely to have depression?

- Sex difference may be due to part to willingness to seek help
- Does appear that there may be a hormonal contribution: postpartum depression and perimenopausal depression

What does Svenaeus mean by the "disease model" of depression, and what does he think it misses (see p4)?

Looking at depression as a biological dysfunction of the brain. Misses the fact that depression includes the self.

What three phenomena does the author think are central to depression (p6)?

Boredom, anxiety, and sadness.

How does the author distinguish sensation, emotion, and mood?

- Sensations are objectively explained in terms of sensory signals sent from parts of the body to the brain
- Emotions are directed towards an "object" and are subjective
- Moods do not have an object but are also subjective and shape the way that the individual views the world

How does Svenaeus use the notions of attunement and bodily resonance to explain how depression removes us from feeling at home in the world? How is depression different from "normal" sadness, boredom, and grief?

Sveneaus uses the notion of bodily resonance to convey how depression often creates an "unhomelike world" for depressed people since their grief is a mood state that causes them to lose a sense of oneself. Depression can be different from "normal" sadness because it is a form of grief that is associated with guilt. Many suffering from depression do not know what they are grieving, and the grief becomes persistent into a state of mood they are in

How does Svenaeus connect these thoughts about body and world to that of self (pp14-15)?

The self is open to the world and makes itself home in the world
It is grounded in bodily attuned resonance to be open and hospitable to the world
Depression can take the self out of this bodily resonance
It alienates the self from the world and others, and also from the future as something providing a meaningful set of possibilities for the depressed person

In "Depression and the Self," Fredrik Svenaeus uses this kind of philosophical approach to investigate how depression and the self are interconnected:
- Phenomenological
- Epistemological
- Psychoanalytic
- Hermeneutic

Phenomenological

Which of the following, according to Svenaeus, have the most easy-to-pinpoint cognitive content:
- Sensations (e.g. tickles)
- Emotions or Feelings (e.g. love or hate)
- Moods (e.g. excitement or apathy)
- All of these

Emotions or feelings (love or hate)

What is phemonology?

Addressing the meaning things have in our experience, such as the significance of objects, events, tools, the flow of time, the self, and others, as these things arise and are experienced in our "life-world"

What are the differences between categorial vs dimensional approaches to diagnosis? What does Svenaeous think about this?

- Categorical approaches identify diseases or disorders as distinct from each other and from healthy functioning. It is all or nothing (like pregnancy)
- Dimensional approaches see behaviors and traits as being on a range from healthy or "normal" to unhealthy or "abnormal" and bound up with personality
Svenaeous: Disorders overlap by degrees with unwanted, yet normal, experiences and behaviors of people

What does Thomas Fuchs say about bodily resonance?

- Thomas Fuchs: The lived body as "resonance box" for moods
- Connection to music as "sucking as into" a pervasive mood
- Fuchs: in depression, the body loses this resonance: body is a stiffened, heavy thing

Is depression an interactive kind?

- Depression as a diagnostic category becomes integrated in the life plot as the person goes through diagnosis, hospitalization...
- To be diagnosed as depression may offer new opportunities to understand and deal with powerful negative feelings which one has felt oneself to be suffocated by

What is the main characteristic of depression?

- feeling of grief associated with guilt
- loss is not only a loss of the world, but also a loss of oneself

According to Heidegger, what is a mood wherein the things we normally engage with become unfamiliar and lose their meaning, but which can be valuable by revealing our "thrownness"?

Anxiety

Counterintuitively, Heidegger argues that these two states of mind are useful for understanding one's "being-in-the-world":

Boredom and Anxiety

What does Heidegger believe in?

- Identifies anxiety and boredom as foundational and world constituting moods
- Against Cartesian dualism rejects split between an interior mind representing an external world and the subject as spectator of objects
- Beyond subject-object distinction, understand self and world as constitutive and inseparable

What are Heidegger's thought's on moods?

- Because we are "mooded," the world is disclosed to us as being made up of projects that matter to us
- Moods are not inner, private states but are fundamental modes of human existence: atmospheres that determine how things appear to us
- Our mood is rarely the focus of our attention—it's the lens through which the world shows up for us

What are sensations?

located in a distinct place in the body (as with a tickle, itch, pain, coolness, warmth)

What are moods?

not located in a particular spot in the body and not about something, but provide "general access to the way all things will appear to me"

What is thrownness?

we find ourselves "always already" in familial, social, political, cultural contexts, all unchosen by us

What are fundamental moods?

can direct attention not to our particular projects, but beyond them to being-in-the-world itself by alienating us from our everyday engagement in the world

What is unhomelikeness?

directs our attention to the ways our worlds and our selves can resist meaning

What is projection?

we confront the situation we find ourselves in (our thrownness) as a range of possibilities for acting (onto which we may project ourselves).
There is a sense in which not-being is a structural component of being
the way I go forward in life

What are emotions?

have content, they are about or directed at something or someone (love, hate, resentment, surprise)

What is fear? Is it an emotion or a mood?

- about some threatening or dangerous thing and reflects our engagement with the world
- We can identify the fear-inducing object, so it's an emotion, not a mood

What is anxiety?

- a mood that addresses our very existence, where the things we normally engage with become unfamiliar and lose their meaning
- can be philosophically and valuable by revealing our "thrownness"
- allows one to see oneself for who one really is - a finite, thrown, burdened being who constantly projects its future possibilities

What are the three kinds of boredom?

1) Ordinary boredom: being bored by something or someone (ex: waiting for a delayed plane)
- Typically, we distract ourselves to get rid of boredom
- Boredom leaves us empty (unfulfilled) and in limbo (time drags on)
2) More complicated boredom: being bored with something even if is something pleasant that is chosen by us (ex: going to a party)
- Time stands still because we cut ourselves off by choosing to engage in something of no existential importance—we feel empty because we leave our authentic selves behind
3) Profound boredom:
- An extreme, all-encompassing and overwhelming experience in which everything bores us, strips away all identifying characteristics, history, projects
- Lack of significance means nothing opens us to future prospects or gives meaning to our having been

What is cultural common place?

A common or ordinary topic; a statement generally accepted or taken for granted

How does the "cultural commonplace" that women are the emotional sex affect the gendered understandings of depression in men and women? (p112)

Women have permission to be sad, happy, anxious, or even irritable, but full-blown anger and aggression are reserved for men

Name four differences Emmons cites between the NIMH general pamphlet on depression and the pamphlet on depression in women.

1) Tone and style in women's version is more informal? Falsely personal relationship with readers?
2) Contrast generic patient's failure to get treatment with woman's inability to differentiate illness from constitutional emotionality
3) Depression described as distinct from "passing blue mood" in general phamplet vs involving the increased intensity and duration of such feelings for women
4) Surveillance: if depression is a "natural outgrowth" of a woman's personality, then is it her role to manage this thing?

How does Emmons think her interview (fig 8.1) demonstrates the collaborative nature of uptake, and what does she mean by this?

- These women not only take up the idea of the emotional woman, they use it as the basis for authentic, unmediated self-narrations
- They have a shared vocabulary and reference the idea that women are the emotional sex who feel more
- Those who speak about being an 'emotional woman' are understood by other women and the idea is continuously referenced
- Uptake moves the cultural memory of the emotional woman to the center of collective and highly personal narratives of depression

How does Emmons think the interviews show women's efforts at self-policing and how do these connect to the notion of women's emotionality?

- Statements about women's greater capacities for emotion serve as basis for self-awareness
- Values of "sad" and "emotional" are negatively valued
- Both women struggle to comprehend their depressive symptoms and are caught in a narrative explanation of illness shaped by the ideological assumption that women are excessively emotional

Emmons identifies which elements of the "commonplace of the emotional woman"?

- Excessive emotionality
- Volatile emotion
- Blurred boundaries between normal emotion and depression

What are topoi?

stock formulas/metaphor used by rhetors to produce arguments, shape discourse

What is uptake?

Speech act according to Austin: three ways we "do" things with words
1) Locutionary act (literal meaning of the utterance)
2) llocutionary act (performative aspect - intention of speaker): secure uptake if listener grasps the speaker's communicative intention and then acts accordingly
3) Perlocutionary act (effect on the listener)

- Uptake describes both activity of participating in a communicative situation and the artifact that results from that participation
- Uptakes have memories, and these memories have formal power to shape discourse beyond individual and across time and place

How does context matter in uptake?

- Ex: I yell "fire!" in a crowded theater... but I'm doing a standup routine
- Ex: Saying no to someone's sexual advances - are women accorded the authority to say no - does their "no" secure uptake?
- "Context" involves a host of assumptions about the speaker and their status and the cultural assumptions that shape our understandings of them, their words, and uptake

What does uptake have to do with depression?

- Depression in men: treated as a "stark departure from 'normal' feelings or emotions"
- Depression in women: more continuous with their "complex emotional lives"
- "Emotional woman" features in tv, film, ads, news
- Topos encodes several beliefs: women are rules by volatile emotions that can, and often do, slip across invisible boundaries into illness
- Anger and aggression not considered part of the feminine repertoire of emotion
- Uptake will depend on a host of assumptions we have and that are reinforced

What did Emmons find after conducting interview with two groups of women?

Uptaking in this instance moves the cultural memory of the emotional woman to the center of collective and highly personal narratives of depression

What might be early sources of self-understanding of women as having richer emotional lives?

Nelson and Fivush 2004 presented a social-cultural developmental model of autobiographical memory:
- Young children develop narrative identities through the practice of parent-child reminiscing, allowing both shared and independent understandings of the past
- Content and function of autobiographical memory are culturally variable
- Culturally defined narratives help shape the way in which individuals come to recall their personal past

What is Sikov's brief definition of mise-en-scène? Where does it originate from? p.6

- "The expressive totality of what you see in a single film image"
- Originally from theater
In translation: to put/place on stage
- Everything in the image, all visual information

s the aim of mise-en-scène necessarily to mimic reality?

No, can be realistic and unrealistic

What does mise-en-scène include?

- Props
- Settings
- Actors: position in shot, costumers, makeup, gestures, facial expressions
- Lighting
- Camera
- Composition

What is composition?

- Arrangement of objects and actors within the frame, the way an image is composed
- Term from painting
- Relationship of lines, volumes, masses, shapes, colors in a shot
- Can include furniture, decoration, landscape, costumers, lighting, actors' bodies

What is a shot vs scene?

Shot: unit of length or duration
Scene: a longer unit consisting of several shots or more

What are the different types of shots?

- Extreme close-up: going into characeter's mind
- Close-up: isolates an -object in the image, can dissolve into an extreme close-up
- Medium close-up: taken from chest up
- Medium shot: waist up
- Three-quarter shot: from just below knees
- Full shot: whole human body
- Long shot:taken from a long distance
- Extreme long shot: object at a vast distance

What is the purpose behind subject-camera distance?

The closer the camera is to the subject, the more emotional weight the subject gains

What is the purpose of camera movement?

shifts the spectator's position within the shot

What are three types of moving camera shots?

- Tracking shot/dolly: camera moves parallel to ground (Nash's mind is moving all the time)
- Crane shot: camera mounted on device that moves up and down
- Hand-held shots: jerky effect, often read as realism; convey Nash's sense of disorientation and confusion

What are three types of stationary camera shots?

- Pan shot: camera stationary, pivots from side to side
- Tilt shot: camera stationary, tilts up and down
- Zoom shot created with a zoom lens (a varifocal lens), no actual movement takes place

What are steadicams?

attached to camera operator's body for smooth movement

What's the difference between a long shot and a long take?

- Long shot: taken from a long distance
- long take: a shot of long duration

What are the different types of camera angle shots?

- Classic straight-on shot/ eye-level shot: camera at the level of one's eyes
- Low-angle shot: subject shot from below
- High-angle shot: subject shot from above
- Birds-eye view shot: shot from overhead, looking straight down on subject
- Master shot: taken from long distance that includes as much of the set or location as possible as well all the characters in the scene

Sikov suggests that "Typically, directors use low-angle shots to ..."

Aggrandize their subject, "look up to someone"

What are the types of lighting?

- High Key lighting: intense bright
- Low Key lighting: subdued, dim
- The more low key, the more shadows
- low-key often used in Film Noir and Horror film

What are the three main categories of film sound?

- Dialogue: any spoken words; conversations, monologues, words audible in crowd scene, voice-over narration
- Music
- Sound effect: all other noises, both diegetic and non-diegetic

What is the difference between diegetic and non-diegetic sound?

- Diegetic: sourced within the story world (we see character turn on music and we hear the music they're listening to)
- Non-diegetic: sounds that doesn't take place in the world of the story, we hear music on sound track that characters can't hear

How does continuity editing differ from non-continuity editing?

Continuity editing: invisible editing
- An attempt to create spatial and/or temporal continuity between shots, to hide the cuts
- "Classical Hollywood Style" does not draw attention to its own construction
Non-continuity editing: intended to draw attention to its own artifice

What is an example of a type of edit (cut) that is typical of non-continuity editing?

jump cuts

What is the camera angle when the subject is shot from above?

High Angle Shot and Birds-Eye View

What is the name for a shot that shows the subject from the head to just below the knee?

Three-quarter shot

What does mise-en-scène not include?
- Settings
- Props
- Lighting
- Sound

sound

T or F: Continuity editing attempts to hide the cuts between shots and is typical of the "Classical Hollywood Style."

true

Which of the following is a film technique that typically does not employ a stationary camera?
- Pan shot
- Zoom shot
- Tracking shot
- Tilt shot

tracking shot

Define the three types of anxiety disorders discussed in class. How are they similar and how are they different?

- Phobias: strong irrational fear of a situation or object
- General Anxiety Disorder: persistent worrying and anxiety in a number of areas our of proportion
- Post-traumatic stress disorder: following exposure to a traumatic event, intense, and disturbing thoughts and feelings related to the experience

What are the most common types of phobia and what behaviors are shown by phobic patients?

- Avoid situations where they might encounter fear
- Encountering fear lead to panic attacks (shaking, heart racing, dizziness, disorientation, nausea)

Phobia is more common in...

women (2x)

How are phobias treated?

Exposure therapy to extinguish conditioned response

What is the pavlovian fear condition?

- The CS (tone) is paired with a US (foot shock) → the rat will then show a CR (freezing) in the presence of the CS
- Can extinguish the CR by repeatedly presenting the CS alone
- Fear conditioning depends on the amygdala

How common are anxiety disorders? Who is most likely to suffer from anxiety?

- 15% of people have experienced symptoms in past 2 weeks
- Rate for women is higher (19%) and most common age group is young adults

What are symptoms of GAD?

- Excessive anxiety and worry, occuring more days than not for at least 6 months
- Person finds it difficult to control the worry
- Anxiety and worry are associated with three or more of the following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms present for more days than not for past 5 months):
1) Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
2) Being easily fatigued
3) Difficulty concentrating or mind goes blank
4) Irritability
5) Muscle tension
6) Sleep disturbance

How are anxiety disorders treated?

- Psychotherapy: cognitive behavioral therapy is effective
- Medication: antidepressants like SSRI and SSNRI drugs, brain resets on board
- Self help: learning to manage stress

Who is most likely to suffer from PTSD?

- Somewhat higher levels in women
- Very high levels in combat veterans (over 10%)
- Very high rates of PTSD after sexual assault, violence, accident, natural disaster

Do all people who are exposed to a traumatic event develops PTSD?

No, suggests that some people may have a predisposition for developing PTSD genetic and environmental factors like early life stress

What are symptoms of PTSD?

Symptoms persist for at least one month
- Re-experiencing symptoms: flashbacks, upsetting dreams, intrusive frightening thoughts, heart racing and sweating
- Avoidance: staying away from places and things that are reminders of traumatic event
- Arousal symptoms: easily startled, difficulty sleeping, angry outbursts
- Cognitive symptoms: impaired declarative memory for the traumatic event, distorted feelings of guilt, loss of interest in enjoyable activities

What is the neural basis of PTSD?

- Amygdala: overactive, think of traumatic event as super fear conditioning event
- Hippocampus: stress hormones cause it to not function as well, declarative memory for the traumtic event is affected
- Medial and orbito-prefrontal cortex: extended to amygdala
- Norephedrine is being poured in

How is the hippocampus affected in PTSD?

- In one sense, PTSD represents the persistence of an experience in memory
- However, patients with PTSD often have difficulty recalling declarative, episodic memories of the traumatic event
- People with PTSD have smaller hippocampi than people without PTSD
- Twin studies show that a small hippocampus puts you at risk for PTSD

How is PTSD treated?

- Exposure therapy, much less effective than it is in phobia
- Cognitive behvioral therapy
- Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications

T or F: According to evidence from twin studies, PTSD causes an increase in the size of the hippocampus in people with PTSD.

False

T or F: In people with OCD, routine and repetitive acts are considered compulsions while recurrent and intrusive thoughts are considered obsessions.

true

PTSD Occurs in approximately what percentage of the population?

1-3%

Phobias occur in approximately what percentage of the population?

9%

Fear conditioning (e.g., in laboratory experiments involving rats and mice) depends primarily on the:

amygdala

T or F: In pavlovian fear conditioning, you can extinguish the CS (Conditioned Stimulus) by repeatedly presenting the CR (Conditioned Response) alone.

false

Nasar's biography of Nash opens with the idea that there might be a connection between Nash's schizophrenia and his genius (pp. 12-13), and the film buys into this thesis. Irrespective of whether the connection is scientifically valid, what film techniques are employed to suggest that there could be a connection between Nash's schizophrenia and his genius?

The way things pop out at him
looked crazy while watching and studying "trivial" things
His genius thinking is similar to the way he schizophrenic thinking was

What is the gist of Nash's most celebrated contribution to economics (Biography, pp.13-15)? What are some of the ways his contribution is implicitly integrated into the screenplay?

Nash's contribution to Game Theory: possibility for mutual gain
- Prisoner's Dilemma in The Hard Problem
-Two rational prisoners will betray each other even though they know they would have done better to trust each other