Human nutrition 1

Bioavailability - Journey of a nutrient

Food is eaten - digestion - Nutrient Absorption - Nutrient Utilization - Nutrient excretion

6 main nutrients

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

Main use of carbs lipids and Protiens

energy/calories and alc is used for energy but its not nutrient

During absorption nutrients enters

bloodstream

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Unit of measure for energy

1 ATP \=

7 Kcal

kilocalorie

heat required to raise the temp of 1kg of water by 1 C

Total fat, sat fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium daily value should be

5% or less

Fiber, Vit A, C calcium Iron dailyy value should be at least

10-19% (good)

how do you know if a website is crediable

if it has .gov, .org, .edu + check url and sources

Dietary supplement health and education act (DSHEA)

law that makes dietary supplement a food source

Carotene and retinol efficacy trial

sample took vit a and antioxidant supplements and developed cancer faster, making many discourage the use of antioxidents as a supplement

nutrient destiny

the proportion of nutrients compared to the number of calories the food contain. (Nutrient content/KCal)

When calculation nutrient density

Nutrient dense foods will yield a ratio greater than A

Most prominant nutrient protien supplies

Vit B12

Protein group also supplies what percent of Iron

13%

Most prominant vitamin dairy provides

Calcium and Vit D

Function of calcium

bone strenght and keeping blood pressure in check

skim milk and low fat milk is encourged over whole fat milk because

skim milk has not sat fat or fat in general and low fat milk is as the name implies

Primary Nutrients that we get from fruits

Vit C and Fiber

Benefits of soluble fiber

controls blood cholesterol level

Fruits supply which type of fiber soluble of insoluble

soluble fiber

Phytochemicals

Chemicals/antioxidants in plant-based foods that are not nutrients but have effects on the body. like protecting cells from cell damage

which food groups supplies phytochemicals

fruits and veggies

Vital nutrients we get from veggies

Vit C and FIber

The darker the color of veggies the more

vital chemicals making it healthier

Why si canned fruits and veggies bettern than just picking from store

WHen your get fruits from store it is 3 weeks after it was picked so the nutrients have been slowly decomposing. But canned fruits after it is pickd it is fruits so all the nuetrients are intact

Primary Nutrients from grains

B vitatms and more such as Folate, Iron Thiamin, Niacin, RIboFlavin and Fiber

Which is more nutritious darker or lighter colored grains (refined grains)

Darker grains (whole grains)

Anatomy of Whole Grain

Bran Endosperm and germ

Bran

outer fiber0rich layer that protects seed/grain

Endosperm

Middle talyer that contains carbs and protien

Germ

innermost small nutrient rich core that contains antioxidents vitamines and healthy fats

difference between refined and whole grain

IN refined grain, you look the Bran and Germ lost the nutrients along with it and are only left with the middle layer so the only nutrient in there are carbs and protein.

Enriched Grain

Refined grain that have added vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, and iron but does not have fiber like whole grain

Gluten free diet lacks

whole grains

Difference between new and old food labels

New food labels shows added sugars

True or false Food product A contains 105 mg of sodium that is 4% of the daily value (DV) for one serving. This food product would be appropriate to consume to help control hypertension (high blood pressure).

true

Nonlikely reliable goverment sorces

source that dont contain edu, gov, org

CARET study- what?

shows the opposites of "good" effects of antioxidants

shows that diets HIGH in antioxidant supplements actually INCREASE the rate of lung cancer

meaning taking vitamin A supplement increased the risk of prostate cancer for smokers

The minimal nutrient intake level that would meet the needs of 50 % of the population is the

Estimated Average Reguirement

The term "natural" on food labels indicates that the food was manufactured without the use of:

None of the other choices. It can mean anything the manufacturer wants to be.

True or false Results from animal studies to make appropriate human nutrition recommendations should be used with caution. For example, Vitamin C is a vitamin that most animals can make except for humans.

true

fiber is an

indigestible carbohydrate

Why is coconut oil bad?

So much saturated fat which leads to increased blood cholesterol level

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat are

goods fats b/c they can lower bad choelsterol level lower risk of heart disease and stroke and provide body with essential fats

example of monounsatured and polyunsaturated fats

oils, avocadsos, fatty fish, nuts and seeds

saturated fats are considered

bad fats because it can raise cholesterol level, lower good cholesterol levels, and increase risk of heaert disease and stroke

example of saturated fats are

beef and chicken fat, cheese, tropical oils (cocnut) and butter

FALCPA

Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004

FALCPA required food manufactures to discose in plain language whter the products cains following 8th food allergens

milk, eggs, fish, shellfish truee nuts, peanuts, wheat, soybeans

hydrogenated oils and trans fat are considered

worst kind of fats it can raise bad cholesterol level, lower good cholesterol level increase heart diease and stroke, and increase risk of type 2 diabetes

examples of hydrogenated oils and trans fat are

fried foods, baked goods, stick of margerine

two types of study design

experimental and observational

experimental studies includes

randomised controlled trials, animal studies, invitro studies

observational studies include

cross-sectional, case-control, cohort

observational studies have no

active intervention and does not indicate cause and effect, very inaccurate and biased

Goiter case study

iodide defficency was found in certain areas which results in goiter, or swelling on the throat. To combat this america fortified salt with iodide (iodinized salt)

cross-sectional study

A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.

cohort study

study that measures variables of a group of people over time

example of cohort study

Framingham Heart Study

Framingham heart study shows

that when you increase blood cholesterol level (above the 200mg/dl threshold) your risk of heart attack increases

Framingham study also shows

saturated fat in diet increases LDL cholesterol which results to incrase in heart attack. POly unsat fat dease LDL- C which decrease risk of heart attacks

in experimental study

researcher actively intervenes so variable are controlled

invitro

test tube

cant draw conclusions from test tubs and animals because

they can highly inaccurate

hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Randomized controlled human trials are the

gold standard in research

characteristics of randomized controlled trials

adequate sample size, randomized, placebo and treatment should indistinguishable, double blind (groups dont know that other group is getting a different treatment)

Example of randomized trial

lowcarb diet vs conventional diet

what increases on a lowcarb diet

LDL cholesterol levels leading to increased risk of heart diease

meta analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies increases power and effectiveness and accuracy

best studies in consecutive order (think of pyridmid first study is top of pyramid)

systematic reviews and meta-analyses - Randomized controlle ddouble blind studies - cohort sutdies - case control studies - case series - case report - ideas, editorials opions - animal research - invitro research

cross-sectional study timeline

present

prospective cohort study timeline

present to future

Retrospective cohort study timeline

looks into past

case-control study timeline

looks into past

function of epiglottis

seal off the windpipe during eating, so that food is not accidentally inhaled

aspiration pneumonia

caused by foreign matter that is inhaled into the lungs

Functions of oral cavity

mastication - salivation - digestion - deglutition - gustation - respiration

Mastication

the process of chewing

oral caivty passageway

mouth - epiglottis - Lower esophageal sphincter

Function of lower esophageal sphincter

muscle that prevent backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus (stays closed and only opens when food needs to pass through)

when the Lower esophageal sphincter doesnt close it results in

GERD

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

Examples of mechanical digestion

chewing, churning, segmentation

churning

food turning violently in stomach

segmentation

small intestine

salivation

secretion and mixing of saliva with food to moisture/lubricate food

bolus

A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva

Digestion

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

Chemical digestion

breaking down food with enzymes

enzyme in chemical digestion

salivary amylase

salivary amylase

breaks down (separates glycosidic linkages) amylose which is a polysaccharide

glycosidic linkage

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

glu - glu - glu - glu what is the glycosidic linkage

the -