Behavioral Neuroscience Final Exam

What happens when to the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus isn’t present?

the response will eventually cease also called extinction

H.M. had a bilateral medial-temporal-lobe lesion which caused him to suffer from

severe amnesia

H.M. had a bilateral medial-temporal-lobe lesion which gave him amnesia, eliminating his …. memory but leaving intact his …. memory

explicit, implicit

The hippocampal formation in food-storing birds (chickadee) and rodents is ….. than the hippocampal formation in birds (sparrow) and rodents that do not store food

large

Monkey Light training: Certain cells in the prefrontal cortex fire throughout the delay (of the experiment) if the animal has not learned the task these cells show …. response, however in animals that have learned the task and if they make an error these cells ……

no, the cells stop responding before the error occurs

Hippocampal volume increase is associated with

memory improvement and correlated structural changes

Place cells are found

in the hippocampus, a structure in the medial temporal lobe of the brain

Place cells do what

serve as a cognitive representation of a specific location in space

When the face was stroked softly with a cotton swab, amputees reported sensations of being touched in the amputated hand this neuroplasticity may explain

phantom limb

Repeated amphetamine use showed ….. in rats

increase dendritic growth and spine density

Stem Cell Implantation has shown

limited success to date; more suited for situations where only a small number of cells are needed

DSM cons

some extent arbitrary and depends on prevailing cultural views, classification depends on new perspectives

Simplifies diagnosis but draws criticism for its \n associated loss of descriptive power is a con of

DSM

The primary criticism of the DSM-5 is \n that its diagnoses cover

too much of normal life

The National Institute of Mental Health’s Research \n Domain Criteria (RDoC) Pros

uses genetics, imaging, and cognitive science

Degenerative dementias

a group of disorders caused by progressive nerve cell loss in the brain's frontal lobes or its temporal lobes

Degenerative dementias types

Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s

Nondegenerative dementias

could be due to traumatic, endocrine, metabolic, nutritional, toxic, infective, and immunological causes

Nondegenerative dementias types

vascular, infection, multiple sclerosis

Natural Selection

organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success

Humans also interbred with

Denisovans, also Neanderthals

Reuptake

is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse

Raising rats in enriched enclosures is \n associated with

– Increased brain weight \n – More dendrites \n – More astrocytes \n – More blood capillaries \n – More synapses per neuron \n – Increased mitochondrial volume

Damage at #1

this would be like losing sight in the left eye. The entire left optic nerve would be cut and there would be a total loss of vision from the left eye

Damage at #2

partial damage to the left optic nerve. Here, information from the nasal visual field of the left eye (temporal part of the left retina) is lost

Damage at #3

the optic chiasm would be damaged. In this case, all “crossing” information would be lost (information from the nasal (inner) retina)

Damage at #4 and #5

damage to the optic tract or the fiber tract from the lateral geniculate to the cortex can cause identical visual loss. In this case, loss of vision \n of the right side of the visual field

Pavlovian Conditioning

learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because of its repeated pairing with some relevant event

Pavlovian Conditioning is also called

classical conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus

a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically triggers a response

Unconditioned Stimulus Example

food

Conditioned Stimulus

an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response

Conditioned and Unconditioned Response should be

the same

Unconditioned Response

the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Response Example

salivation when food is in the mouth

Conditioned Response

the learned response to a formerly neutral conditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response Example

salvation to the bell

Operant Conditioning

learning procedure in which consequences of a particular behavior increase or decrease the probability of the behavior occurring again

Operant conditioning is also called

instrumental conditioning

Operant Conditioning Example

An animal rewarded for performing a certain behavior

Explicit Memory is _______ memory

conscious memory

Explicit Memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

Explicit Memory Example

remembering a specific driving lesson

Conscious Memory

subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know that the retrieved item is the correct item

Implicit Memory is _____ memory

unconscious memory

Implicit Memory

retention independent of conscious recollection

Implicit Memory Example

riding a bike

Unconscious Memory

subjects can demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recalling events on prompting, but cannot explicitly retrieve the information

Mirror Drawing Task

procedural memory (task can differentiate between performance and memory of rules of the task)

Episodic Memory

autobiographical memory for events linked to specific place and time contexts

Episodic Memory Example

remembering your first day of school

Episodic Amnesia

inability to recall any personally experienced events

Episodic Amnesia is associated with

frontal lobe injuries or reduced blood flow to the frontal lobe

Emotional Memory

memory for the affective properties of stimuli or events

Emotional Memory could be

implicit or explicit

______ is critical for emotional memory

amygdala

Damage to amygdala abolishes _______ memory, but has little effect on _______ or _____ memory

emotional, implicit or explicit

Explicit Memory contains

episodic, personal, autobiographical, semantic, facts, and knowledge (conscious)

Implicit Memory contains

skills, habits, priming, conditioning (unconscious)

Emotional Memory contains

attraction, avoidance, fear, also both implicit and explicit (conscious and unconscious)

Long term potentiation

in response to stimulation at a synapse changed amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential that lasts for hours to days or longer

Long term potentiation plays a part in

associative learning

In long term potentiation for the EPSP to increase in size more neurotransmitter must be released from the

presynaptic membrane

In long term potentiation for the EPSP to increase in size postsynaptic membrane must become ___ ____ to the same amount of transmitter

more sensitive

Deep Brain Stimulation

neurosurgery in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low voltage electrical current to facilitate behavior

Deep brain stimulation is used to treat

parkinson’s, TBI, OCD, and depression and investigated for addiction

Electrophysiological Treatments

uses electrical current to produce seizures as a treatment for severe depression

Electrophysiological Treatments stimulates the production of

neurotrophic factors

Problems with Electrophysiological Treatments

need to medicate person to avoid the massive convulsions caused by the electrical stimulation and leads to memory loss, which can show a cumulative effect with repeated treatments

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is an alternative to ECT for treating

depression

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation stimulates

nerve cells in the region of the brain that may be related to mood and depression and activates regions of the brain that have decreased activity in depressed individuals

Real Time fMRI

individuals learn to change their behavior by controlling their own patterns of brain activation

Real Time fMRI is a form of

neural plasticity in which the individual learns new strategies guided by brain activation information

Traumatic brain injuries that damage the frontal and temporal lobes also tend to affect

personality and social behavior

Stroke

an interruption of blood flow either from the blockage of a blood vessel or from bleeding of a vessel

Ischemia

lack of blood to the brain as a result of a stroke

In stokes the release of massive amounts of glutamate results in

prolonged opening of calcium channels

Toxic levels of calcium produce direct toxicity and activate various

second messenger pathways

Neural shock

areas distant from the damage are functionally depressed; areas related to the damaged region suffer sudden withdrawal of excitation or inhibition

Metabolic changes can have severe effects on

the functioning of otherwise normal tissue

Symptomatic Seizure

identified with a specific cause

Idiopathic Seizure

appears spontaneously in the absence of other CNS diseases

Symptoms of epileptic episodes

aura, motor component, loss of consciousness

Complex partial seizure originate mostly in the

temporal lobe

Complex partial seizure is characterized by

subjective experiences that foretell the attack, automatisms (repetitive stereotyped movements), postural changes

Petit Mal Seizure

of brief duration, characterized by loss of awareness with no motor activity except for blinking, turning the head, or rolling the eyes

Grand Mal Seizure

characterized by loss consciousness and stereotyped motor activity

Degenerative Dementias are presumed to have a degree of

genetic transmission

Nondegenerative dementias are heterogeneous group of disorders with

diverse etiologies (mostly vascular)

Parkinson’s Disease related to the degeneration of the

substantia nigra and to the loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine (nigrostriatal pathway)

Parkinson’s Disease symptoms

various enormously among people

Parkinson’s Disease Positive Symptoms

tremor at rest, muscular rigidity, involuntary movements

Positive Symptoms

appearance of abnormal behavior

Akathsia

small involuntary movements or changes in posture; motor restlessness

Occulogyric Crisis

involuntary turns of the head and eyes to one side

Parkinson’s Disease Negative Symptoms

disorders of posture, righting, and locomotion, speech disturbances, akinesia

Negative Symptoms

absence of normal behavior

Akinesia

poverty or slowness of movement

Parkinson’s Disease cognitive symptoms

can include impoverishment of feeling, libido, motive, and attention; cognitive slowing

Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer are characterized by

Lewy bodies