APUSH Unit 3 Vocab

Seven Years' War (French & Indian War)

1754-1763 global conflict between European nations, primarily Britain and France, that began in North America in 1754 and erupted in Europe in 1756. France ultimately ceded all of its North America territories to England and Spain, but the enormous cost of the war also damaged the British economy.

Albany Plan of Union

1754 plan put together by Benjamin Franklin to create a more centralized colonial government that would establish policies regarding defense, trade and territorial expansion, as well as aim to facilitate better relations between colonists and American Indians. The plan was never implemented.

Peace of Paris

1763 peace treaty ending the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War). Under its terms, Britain gained control of North America east of the Mississippi River and of present

Proclamation Line of 1763

Act of Parliament that restricted colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclamation Lie sparked protests from rich and poor colonists alike.

salutary neglect

British colonial policy from around 1700 to 1760 that relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs as long as the North American colonies produced sufficient raw materials and revenue. Also known as benign neglect.

Quartering Act

1765 at ensuring British troops would remain stationed in the colonies after the end of the Seven Years' War.

Sugar Act

1764 act of Parliament imposing tax on sugar, coffee, wines, and other luxury items. It sparked colonial protests that would escalate over time as new revenue measures were enacted.

Currency Act

1764 act of Parliament preventing colonial assemblies from printing paper money or bills of credit, curtailing the ability of local colonial economies to expand.

committee of correspondence

Type of committee first established in Massachusetts to circulate concerns and reports of protest and other events to leaders in other colonies in the aftermath of the Sugar Act.

Stamp Act

1765 act of Parliament that imposed a duty on transactions involving paper items. The Stamp Act prompted widespread, coordinated protests and was eventually repealed.

virtual representation

British claim that direct representation of colonists was unnecessary because Parliament virtually represented the interest of the colonies.

Declaratory Act

1766 act announcing Parliament's authority to pass any law "to bind the colonies and peoples of North America" closer to Britain.

Townshend Acts

1767 acts of Parliament that instituted an import tax on a range of items including glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. They prompted a boycott of British goods and contributed to violence between British soldiers and colonists.

Boston Massacre

1770 clash between colonial protesters and British soldiers in Boston that led to the death of five colonists. The bloody conflict was used to promote the patriot cause.

Tea Act

1773 act of Parliament, also known as the tea tax, that aimed to reduce the financial debts of Britain and the British East India Company by providing the company with a tea monopoly in the British American colonies. This resulted in colonial protests.

Boston Tea Party

Rally against British tax policy organized by the Sons of Liberty on December 16, 1773, consisting of about fifty men disguised as American Indians who boarded British ships and dumped about forty

Coercive Acts

1774 acts of Parliament passed in response to the Boston Tea Party. The acts closed the port of Boston until residents paid the damaged property and moved Massachusetts court cases against royal officials back to England in a bid to weaken colonial authority.

Quebec Act

1774 act of Parliament extending the boundary of Quebec to areas of the Ohio River valley that American colonists wanted to settle. This act also set up a colonial government without a local representative assembly in Quebec.

patriots

American colonists who favored the movement for independence during the 1770s.

Continental Congress

Congress convened in Philadelphia in 1774 in response to the Coercive Acts. The delegates hoped to reestablish the freedoms colonists had previously enjoyed.

Continental Army

Army created by the Second Continental Congress after the battles of Lexington and Concord began the Revolutionary War in 1775.

minutemen

Militia groups trained to prepare quickly for local defense in case of British attack.

Second Continental Congress

Assembly of colonial representatives that served as a national government during the American Revolution. Despite limited formal powers, the Continental Congress coordinated the war effort and conducted negotiations with outside powers.

Dunmore's Proclamation

1775 proclamation issued by the British commander Lord Dunmore that offered freedom to all enslaved African Americans who joined the British army. The proclamation heightened concerns among some patriots about the consequences of independence.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson and then debated and revised by the Continental Congress, the Declaration was made public on July 4, 1776.

Battle of Saratoga

Key Revolutionary War battle fought at Saratoga, New York. The patriot victory there in October 1777 provided hope that the colonists could triumph and increased the chances that the French would formally join the patriot side.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777

Battle of Yorktown

Decisive battle in which the surrender of British forces on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, effectively sealed the patriot victory in the American Revolution.

Treaty (Peace) of Paris

1783 treaty that formally ended the American Revolution.

ratified

approved

Statute of Religious Freedom

1786 Virginia Assembly statute that ensured the separation fo church and state and largely guaranteed freedom of religion. Many other states followed Virginia's lead.

Articles of Confederation

Plan for national government proposed by the Continental Congress of 1777 and ratified in March 1781. The Articles of Confederation gave the national government limited powers, reflecting widespread fear of centralized authority, and were replaced by the Constitution in 1789.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Treaty signed by the United States and the pro

Northwest Ordinances

1785 act of the confederation congress that provided for the survey, sale, and eventual division into states of the Northwest Territory. A 1787 act then clarified the process by which territories could become states.

Shays's Rebellion

1786 rebellion by western Massachusetts farmers caused primarily by economic hardships in the aftermath of the American Revolution.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting to draft the United States Constitution in Philadelphia from May to September of 1787. This document established the framework fro a strong federal government with executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Virginia Plan

Plan put forth at the beginning of the 1787 Constitutional Convention that introduced the ideas of a strong central government, a bicameral legislature, and a system fo representation based on population.

New Jersey Plan

A proposal to the 1787 Constitutional Convention that highlighted the needs of small states by creating one legislative house in the federal government and granting each state equal representation in it.

three

fifths compromise

naturalization

A legal process to obtain citizenship

electoral college

A group comprised of electors who vote in the formal election of the president and vice president after the general election votes are tallied. The electoral college was a compromise between determining the president via a direct popular vote or via congressional vote.

Federalists

Supporters of ratification of the Constitution, many of whom came from urban and commercial backgrounds.

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution. They were generally from more rural and less wealthy backgrounds than the Federalists.

The Federalist Papers

85 essays by Federalists Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Published in newspapers throughout the U.S., The Federalist Papers promoted the ratification of the Constitution.

republican motherhood

Concept proposed by some American political leaders in the 1790s, which supported women's education so that they could in turn instruct their sons in principles of republican government.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution. These ten amendments helped reassure Americans who feared that the federal government established under the Constitution would infringe on the rights of the individuals and states.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Neutrality Proclamation

1793 proclamation declaring U.S. neutrality in any conflicts between other nations, including France and Great Britain. Britain largely ignored U.S. neutrality and seized American merchant vessels heading for France.

Jay Treaty

1796 treaty that required British forces to withdraw from U.S. soil, required American repayment of debts to British firms, and limited U.S. trade with the British West Indies.

Whiskey Rebellion

Uprising by western Pennsylvania farmers who led protests against the excise tax on whiskey in the early 1790s.

Indian Trade and Intercourse Act

1790 act to regulate and maintain fair trade between American Indian and white settlers; The act was widely ignored, and relations between the two groups continued to worsen.

Treaty of Greenville

1795 treaty signed following the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The treaty forced American Indians in the Northwest Territory to cede vast tracts of land to the U.S.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Pinckney Treaty

1796 treaty that defined the boundary between the U.S. and Spanish territory in the South and opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to U.S. shipping.

Democratic

Republicans

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 security acts passed by the Federalist

Naturalization Act

1798 act passed by the Federalist

XYZ affair

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions passed by legislatures in Virginia and Kentucky that declared the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) "void and of no force" in their states.

guerrilla

a member of a band of irregular soldiers that uses guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy by surprise raids, sabotaging communication and supply lines, etc.

speculators

Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty and Vox Populi

Virginia Resolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies; these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

effigy

a crude image of a despised person

Stamp Acts Congress

Also known as the First Congress of the American Colonies. Took place from October 7

tyranny

Cruel and oppressive government or rule

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

John Adams

America's first Vice

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Richard Allen

An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

Benjamin Banneker

African

William Bartram

Who was the first native born artist naturalist?

Mum Bett

slave who successfully sued for her freedom in 1781; believed in the principle,"all men are created equal", applied to everyone, regardless of gender or race

Daniel Boone

famous early pioneer who cleared Wilderness Road, a new route to the west. Wilderness Road became the main route used to cross the Appalachian Mountains

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, x was mortally wounded.

Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea)

He was a mission

John Burgoyne

British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

John Dickenson

Philadelphia lawyer; reacted to "external" duties of Townshend Acts in Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer with argument that external taxation was legal only when designed to regulate trade, not raise a revenue

Lord Dunmore

Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army

Philip Freneau

Poet of the American Revolution. He wrote "Indian Burying Ground" in 1787.

Edmond Genet

French diplomat sent to the United States to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships

King George III

King of England (r. 1760

George Grenville

Became the Prime Minister of England in 1763; proposed the Sugar & Stamp Acts to raise revenue in the colonies in order to defray the expenses of the French & Indian War & to maintain Britain's expanded empire in America.

Alexander Hamilton

1789

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736

Sir William Howe

British commander, mistakes cost Britain War, he abandoned his battle plan, allowed Washington to regroup, didn't attack at Valley Forge, some believed that he sympathized with colonists and didn't want to win the war

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence 3rd President of the United States

Samuel Jennings

American artist who presented "Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences", an oil on canvas depicting Lady Liberty teaching newly freed slaves. A symbol of the abolitionist movement.

Guy Johnson

British superintendent for American Indian affairs

Johann Baron de Kalb

German officer who joined Washington at Valley Forge

Henry Knox

First secretary of war

Thaddeus Kosciusko

Polish engineer who served in the Continental Army; designer for a fort near Saratoga, where Americans won a key victory.

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Second Continental Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace