BIOL 204 Exam 2

Fungi cell walls are made of ______

chitin

To which major eukaryote clade (supergroup) do fungi belong to?

Unikonta

How do fungi gain nutrition?

Absorptive nutrition

What is absorptive nutrition?

Secreting digestive enzymes which break down food outside of the body and absorb nutrients into the cells

What is a saprobe?

Fungi living off of dead / decaying organic material

Mycorrhizae have a _____ relationship with plants

mutualistic

Endophytes have a _____ relationship with plants

commensalistic

Pathogens have a _____ relationship with plants

parasitic

Haustoria are ____

appendages of parasitic fungi

Hyphae are ___

branching filaments

Mycelium is ___

mass of hyphae

Coenocyte hyphae are ____

undivided hyphae

Septate hyphae are ____

divided hyphae

Fungi reproduction structures are composed of ____

hyphae & mycelium

Sexual reproduction of fungi contains ____

fusion of gametes

Asexual reproduction of fungi contains ____

no fusion of gametes

Spores are ____

haploid cells that can germinate to produce an organism without the fusion of gametes

Plasmogamy is ____

fusion of plasma between two gametes

Karyogamy is ____

fusion of nuclei between two gametes

Heterokaryotic means _____

when a cell contains nuclei from both parents

What are the major clades of fungi? (CZMAB)

Chytridiomycota, Zoopagomycota, Mucuromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

What is the importance of chytrids / zoospores

act as aquatic parasites / saprobes

What is the importance of zoopagomycetes?

some act as insect parasites

What do mucuromycetes and zoopagomycetes have in common?

sporangia = asexual reproduction
zygosporangia = sexual reproduction

What is the importance of mucuromycetes?

act as endophytes that form arbuscular mycorrhizae

What is the importance of ascomycota?

act as sac fungi & yeast; are marine, fresh water, and terrestrial

What is the importance of basidiomycota?

important decomposers

Significant synapomorphy of chytrids?

flagellated spores

Significant synapomorphy of zoopagomycetes?

zygosporangium

Significant synapomorphy of mucuromycetes?

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Significant synapomorphy of ascomycetes?

ascospores & conidia

Significant synapomorphy of basidiomycetes?

basidiocarp & basidiospores

Who are the members of the Archaeplastida clade?

plants & green and red algae

What do green algae and land plants share?

chloroplasts

What is the function of chloroplasts?

to photosynthesize light to create energy & store energy using starch

What is the apical meristem?

localized region of growth; covered by root cap

What is the function of the apical meristem?

elongates plant via shoots and roots (primary growth)

What is a lateral meristem?

localized region of growth in woody plants

What is the function of the lateral meristem?

thickens woody plants (secondary growth)

What is primary growth?

produces primary body via elongation of through roots and shoots

What is secondary growth?

adding thickness to growth via 2 lateral meristems

What are the 2 types of lateral meristems?

vascular cambium & cork cambium

What does the vascular cambium do?

adds secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

What does the cork cambium do?

replaces epidermis with periderm (thicker & tougher)

What is the cuticle?

waxy covering that helps prevent desiccation & water loss

What do thick spore walls do?

prevent desiccation

What are gametangia?

cases that enclose gametes & prevent desiccation

What is the archegonia?

female reproductive organ in ferns & mosses (n)

What is the antheridia?

male reproductive organ in ferns & mosses (n)

What are considered bryophytes?

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Are bryophytes considered a monophyletic group?

No, some are more closely related to tracheophytes (land plants)

What is the sister taxon to land plants?

Charophytes

What are stomata?

Openings in plants that aid in gas exchange and water retention

List some tracheophyte synapomorphies

sporophyte dominant, lignified vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), root and shoot organ system

What is the function of vascular tissue?

helps increase height

What is the function of xylem?

conducts most of water & minerals (includes tracheids)

What is the function of phloem?

arranged in tubes to evenly distribute products of photosynthesis

What are microphylls?

leaves with 1 vein

What are megaphylls?

leaves with an intricately branched vascular system

What are sporophylls?

modified leaves with sporangia

What are sori?

clusters of sporangia (little circles underneath leaves)

What are strobili?

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

What are spermatophyta?

seed plants

What is the significance of seedless tracheophytes?

increased growth and photosynthesis => less CO2 in the atmosphere => global cooling

What are seeds?

embryo + protective tissue + integument

What is a seed’s significance?

protects embryo, nutrition of embryo, disperses embryo, dormancy

What is heterospory?

evolution of 2 types of spores: microspores and megaspores

What are microspores?

male spores

What are megaspores?

female spores

What is the advantage of a reduced gametophyte in spermatophytes?

gametophytes will develop in spore walls

What is an ovule?

megasporangium + megaspore + integument

What is pollen?

male gametophyte enclosed in pollen wall & derived from microspores

What are the two living major clades of spermatophyta?

gymnosperms & angiosperms

Gymnosperm megasporangia consist of ____

megasporangia + 1 integument

Angiosperm megasporangia consist of _____

consist of the seed inside of the fruit

Identify angiosperm synapomorphies

flower, fruit, carpels containing ovary & ovules, double fertilization with triploid endosperm, xylem and phloem cells

What is a flower?

a specialized shoot with up to 4 organs: sepals, petals, stamen(s) and carpel(s)

What is a sepal?

encloses the flower

What is a petal?

brightly colored to attract pollinators

What is a carpel?

produces ovules

What is a stamen?

produces pollen

What is a style?

location of pollen tube growth?

What is a pollen tube?

tube used to bring pollen from stigma to ovary

What is a stigma?

location of pollen retrieval; conducts signal pathway for pollen tube growth

What is the pistil made up of?

ovary + style + stigma

What is the stamen made up of?

anther + filament

What is the anther?

location of pollen production

What is a filament?

holds the anther

What is a receptacle?

base of flower

What is a pedicel

attaches receptacle to flower shoot

How many organs do perfect flowers have?

all 4

What is the root’s function?

anchoring the plant, absorbing minerals & water, storing organic nutrients

What are the two main types of roots?

fibrous and taproot

What are fibrous roots?

no dominant root

What are taproot roots?

one dominant root

What is the function of the root hairs?

to increase surface area

What is the stem structure?

system of nodes => internodes => leaf

What is the leaf structure?

stem => petiole => blade

What is the function of leaves?

to maximize photosynthesis

What is a single leaf?

a leaf with one undivided blade