PSY 495 exam 3

Moffit Developmental Theory (Life course persistent offenders)

Offenders who demonstrate a lifelong pattern of antisocial behavior and who are often resistant to treatment or rehabilitation (SMALL & THIN cortex in brain region with executive functions)

MOFFIT developmental theory adolescent limited offenders

Individuals who usually demonstrate delinquent or antisocial behavior only during their teen years and then stop offending during young adult years

MOFFIT developmental theory low level chronic offenders

Exhibit a rise in offending through early adolescence, reach a plateau by mid-teens, and remain at the same offending level well past age 18

MOFFIT Developmental theory Non-offending pattern

Demonstrates no offending pattern

Steinberg’s Dual System Model

Refers to the difference in cognitive and emotional brain development in adolescents, making them more prone to sensation-seeking and risk-taking behaviors

Leads to Impulsiveness

Sensation Seeking

Lack of Future Orientation

Strong Susceptibility to Peer Pressure and Influence

Steinberg’s Dual System Model Cognitive Network

Developed by mid-adolescence

Steinberg’s Dual Systems Model Socioeconomic Network

Sensitive to social and emotional stimuli (This is not developed in adolescence)

Social Brain & Peer Influence

Social Cognition: How individual process, store, and apply information about other people and their social interactions

Social Brain: Develops rapidly throughout adolescence, before stabilizing in early to mid-20s

Peer Rejection: Associated with worsened mood, increased distress and increased anxiety compared to child and adult groups

US Supreme Court Cases Pertaining to Adolescent Offending

Roper v Simmons (2005): Court abolished the juvenile death penalty for anyone age 17 or under at the time of the crime

Grahm v. Florida & Sulllivan v. Florida (2010): A sentence of life without parole was cruel and unusual punishment for those who committed their crime during adolescence

Miller v. Alabama & Jackson v. Hobbs (2012): A mandatory life without parole sentence violated the due process right of the juvenile

Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016): Banned life without parole for all but the rarest of offenders

Disruptive Behavior

Externalizing Disorders: Directed at the environment (Conduct Disorder)

Internalizing Disorders: Directed at the self

ADHD (Behavior)

Excessive motor activity

Impulsivity

Inattention

THESE SYMPTOMS MUS BE UNUSUALLY PERSISTENT AND PRONOUNCED

ADHD vs (Oppositional Defiant Disorder)

A disorder whose symptoms include arguing with adults, refusing adults’ requests, deliberately trying to annoy others, blaming others for mistakes, and being spiteful or vindicitive

Conduct Disorder & ADHD

50% of disruptive children exhibit both conduct disorder and ADHD

These two disorders combined are powerfult predictor of a lifelong course of violence, criminal behaviors, and drug abuse.

Cognitive Ability & Crime Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence: Ability to know how people and oneself are feeling

Hostile Attribution Bias: The tendency of some individuals to perceive hostile intent in others even when it is totally lacking

Cognitive Ability and Crime (Language Development)

Verbal Deficits and Impaired language development are closely associated with behavior problems and serious delinquency

Cognitive Ability and Crime (Peer Rejection)

One of the strongest predictors of later involvement in persistent, serious offending, especially violence

Additional Social Development Influences

Physical Abuse - Increase Risk

Exposure to Aggressive Peers - Increase Risk

Poverty, Powerful Risk Factor - Creates multiple barriers to healthy development

Emotional Warmth - Positive Outcomes

Psychopath vs Sociopaths

Psychopaths demonstrate very little empathy, compassion, and conscience compared to the general population (NO MORAL COMPASS)

Sociopaths have a sense of morality, show genuine empathy for others, and generally possess a well developed conscience

Antisocial Personality Disorder v. Psychopathy

This is referred to broad behavioral patterns based on clinical observations (Tested by DSM V)

Psychopathy refers to specific behavioral patterns, measurable cognitive, emotional, and neuropsychological differences

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Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)

Best known and most heavily researched instrument for the measurement of criminal psychopathy.

Universal measurement for the assessment of psychopathy

Triarchic Psychopathy Model

Meanness: Callous-unemotionality (BEING MEAN)

Disinhibition: Externalizing proneness

Boldness: Fearless dominance (Very calm in danger)

Juvenile Psychopathy

Not lots of research and the instruments are different compared to adult males

Female Psychopath

They are less aggressive and violent and demonstrate different behavioral patterns from males

They tend to be more subtle and skillful in their aggression and are good at manipulation

They target family, friends, or acquaintances rather than strangers

Male psychopathy rely on noticeable actions such as greater use of physical aggression, dominance, and status seeking

Treatments and Rehabilitation of Psychopaths

Treatment and Rehabilitation of psychopaths is pessimistic and discouraging

Violence

Physical force for inflicting, pain, discomfort, or abuse (All types of violence is aggression)

Aggression

Behavior with intent of harming another individual (Excluding people due to race) NOT ALL TYPES OF AGGRESSION ARE VIOLENCE

Gender Differences in Criminal Violence (Socialization Factors)

Women are less likely than men to be encouraged to be violent and physically aggressive

Gender Differences in Criminal Violence (Biological Factors)

The male hormone testosterone links to aggression

Race and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Violence

African American in the US are involved in criminal homicide and other forms of violence at a rate that far exceeds their numbers in the general population

Reflects:

Lack of employment and educational opportunities

Racial Oppression in its many forms

Discriminatory Treatment at the hands of the criminal justice system

Law enforcement practices in geographical areas where many African Americans reside

Guns (Related Suicides)

More concentrated in places with higher firearm ownership and looser gun legislation

Guns APA

Restrictions - include background checks, keeping guns away from ex-felons and from persons with serious mental illness.

Violence (Criminal Violence)

Calculated and planned versus impulsive and emotionally driven

Violence (Instrumental)

Occurs when the injury of an individual is secondary to the acquisition of some other external goal, which may be money, status, security, or material goods

Violence (Reactive)

Physical violence precipitated by a hostile and angry reaction to a perceived threat or dangerous situation

Cause of Violence (Neurobiological)

Neurological and neruochemical influences on the brain during the life course that may result in high levels of aggressive and violent behavior

Cause of Violence (Socialization)

Processes through which a person learns patterns of thinking, behavior, and feelings from his or her early life experiences

Cause of Violence (Cognitive)

Ideas, beliefs, and patterns of thinking that emerge as a result of interactions with the world during a person’s lifetime

Cause of Violence (Situational)

Characteristics of the environment, such as stress or aggression in others, that encourage or engender violent behavior

Effect of Violent Media

Contributing to aggression, especially heavy exposure

Effects of Violent Media (Negative

Increases the viewer’s fear of becoming a victim

Desensitizes the viewer to violence

Encourages individuals to become more involved in violent actions

Demonstrates how desired goods and services can be obtained through the use of aggression and violence

Sexual violence in X and R- rated films have been shown to increase sexual aggression in some males

Violent Video and Electronic Games

Associated with increased aggressive behavior, cognition’s, affect, desensitization, and decreased empathy

Controlling for other risk factors, exposure to violent video games was considered a robust risk factor for aggressive outcomes

97% of adolescences have played video games

Threat

Expression of intent to do harm

Threat Assessment

Predicting future violence

Psychological Risk Assessment

Likelihood of Dangerous Behavior

Tasks Associated with Threat Assessment

Identify: Be aware of markers, report concerns

Assess: Obtain Information, determine problem

Manage: Provide Counseling, monitor the individual

School Shooting

Violent Incidents on School Property

School Rampage Shooting

Attacks on multiple parties, selected almost at random

Incidence of School Shooting (Role of Forensic Psychologists)

Threat Assessment

Prevention

Providing Psychological Services to Survivors or witness and their families

School Threat Assessment (Direct)

Specifies a target and is delivered in a straightforward, clear, and explicit manner

School Threat Assessment (Indirect)

Vague and more ambigious

School Threat Assessment (Veiled Threat)

Implies but does not explicitly threaten violence

School Threat Assessment (Conditional)

Suggest that harm will result if something the threat-maker wishes is not delivered

School Threat Assessment (Leakage)

The communication by the potential attacker about violent intentions

Important Preventive Strategy

Safe School Initiative

Revenge: Motive for more than half

No useful profile for ‘school shooter’

Secret Service Analysis of Target School Violence

Half of the attackers engaged in violent behaviors sometimes before the attack

Most common symptoms were psychological problems

Over 50% of the school shooters had received some type of mental health treatment provided within their schools or in the community

Prevention of School Shooting and Other Violence

Prevent Youths from ever gaining access to firearms

Detect and deter youth with access to firearms from bringing them into the school setting

Minimize the amount of firearm related school injuries and deaths inflicted during the shooting

Prevention of School Shooting and Other Violence (Best approach)

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Professionals who are trained and skillful at developing threat assessment appraisals of youth who show signs of potential violent behaviors

Prevention of School Shooting and Other Violence (Three factors for effective prevention)

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Factors that influence the socialization of children and adolescents, such as the family and the culture

The school atmosphere, policies and culture

Individual factors, such as personality traits, genetic makeup, and mental health

Rape Myths

False attitude and beliefs widely held

False belief that women must be dominated and coerced into sexual activity

Victim Blaming Group Circumstantial

Minimized rape based on circumstance

Victim Blaming Group Characterlogical

Character of Victim

Victim Blaming Group Investigotory

Opportunistic Rapist Type 1

The opportunistic Offender who is high in social competence; impulsivity in adulthood

Opportunistic Rapist Type 2

Low in social competence and demonstrates impulsivity during adolescence

Opportunistic Rapist

Impulsive rapist engages in sexual assault simply because the opportunity to rape presents itself

Pervasively Angry Rapist Type 3

Rapist demonstrates a predominance of global and undifferentiated anger that prevades all areas of the offender’s life

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They are angry at the world in general and anger is directed amongst all sexs.

Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists Type 4

Overt Type - Sexually aggressive acts are directly expressed in violent attacks.

Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists Type 5

Muted - Sexually aggressive acts are only fantasized

Sexually Motivated, Non-Sadistic Rapists Type 6

Quiet, shy, submissive, and socially inadequate

Sexually Motivated, Non-Sadistic Rapists type 7

More socially adaptable and competent and achieve more occupational advancement and professional development. (POWERR))

Vindictive Rapists (Type 8)

Offenders who use the act of rape to harm, humiliate, and degrade the victims (LOW)

Vindictive Rapists

Offenders who use the act of rape to harm, humiliate, and degrade the victims (HIGH)

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Child Sex Offenders (Pedophilia)

Clinical Term for Sexual Attraction to Children

Fantasies or urges are not criminal 0- only if acted mor

Child Sex Offenders (Intrafamilial Child Molestation)

Incest

Sexual Abuse of Adolescents or children by immediate family or relatives

Child Sex Offenders (Extrafamilial Child Molestation)

Refers to a sexual abuse from a person outside the family

Demographics of Child Sex Offender

CSO tend to select children who do not have many friends and “who appear to lack confidence, to have low self-esteem, and to be unhappy and emotionally needy”

Lack Confidence and have Low Self-Esteem

Intensity of pedophiic interest: Low Fixation

Both children and adults can serve or have served as sexual objects for the offender

Intensity of Pedophilic Interest: High Fixation

The offender demonstrates an exclusive and long-standard preference for children as sexual objects

Levels of Prevention of School Shooting (Primary)

Primary - prevents youths from ever gaining access to firearms

Current Best Approach for School Shootings

Professionals who are trained and skillful at developing threat assessment appraisals of youth who show signs of potential violent behaviors

Three Factors for Effective Prevention

Factors that influence the socialization of children and adolescents, such as the family and the culture

The school atmosphere, policies and culture

Individual Factors, such as personality traits, genetic makeup, and mental health

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Comprehensive Student Threat Assessment Guidelines

Recommend that a school assessment team consisting of a school administrator, several mental health professionals and a law enforcement representative, be established at each school to evaluate possible student threats during the year

Criminal Homicide

Causing Death without legal justification

Typical Murder

Committed the ages of 18 and 34 either during the course of committing another offense, or is a perpetrated against an intimate partner or an acquaintance

Manslaughter

Unintended killing from unjustifiable conduct

Serial Murder

Separately kills a number of people overtime (Minimum 3)

Spree Murder

Killing three or more individuals without a cooling-off period with two or three different locations

Mass Murder

Killing of three or more persons at a single location with no cooling-off period

Serial Killer (Visionary)

Driven by delusions or hallucinations that compel the person to kill a particular group of individuals

Serial Killer (Mission Oriented)

Believes that there is a particular group of people who are considered undesirable and who must be destroyed or eliminated

Serial Killer (Hedonistic)

Who strives for pleasure and thrill-seeking

Serial Killer (Power/Control)

Obtains satisfaction from the absolute life-or-death control over the victim

Public Mass Shootings (Reason for Increase)

Increase in the number of high-profile public mass shooters since the mid-1960s has played a significant role in the plane of subsequent attackers

Hate or Bias Crime

Accounts about 4% of all criminal violence

Race (56.5%)

Religious Bias (20.2%)

Sexual Orientation Bias (17%)

Gender Identity Bias (2.4%)

Disability Bias (2.3%)

Sexual Violence

A sexual act committed against someone without his or her or their consent

Sexual Assault

Any non consensual sexual act proscribed by federal, tribal, or state law, including when the victim lacks capacity to consent

Rape

Forced Penetration

Sexual Abuse

Sexual Activity by Threat

Sexual Violence in multi-determined behavior

Desire for Power, Control, Dominance, Sexual Gratification

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Data collected by the FBI

Labeled two categories of sexual offenses (Forcible rape, Statutory rape, and other sexual offenses)